Occam process

The Occam process is a solder-free, Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS)-compliant method for use in the manufacturing of electronic circuit boards developed by Verdant Electronics. It combines the usual two steps of the construction of printed circuit boards (PCBs) followed by the population process of placing various leaded and non-leaded electronic components into one process.

The Occam process

Electronic components are first positioned onto an adhesive layer of a temporary or permanent substrate according to the customers needs and design parameters. Then, the pre-tested, burned-in components are held firm in their positions through encapsulating them in insulating material and the entire assembly is then inverted. The adhesive layer is then cut (after removing the temporary substrate if it exists) or drilled out over the component leads mechanically or by laser ablation. These holes are then plated with a conductive, copper connection (vias) from the top of this layer to the leads. If needed, other encapsulation layers of components or vias can be placed on top of each other to make multi-level circuit connections. This construction is then coated with copper where needed to provide traces. Thus, this finished circuit board can now receive a conformal coating to protect against the environment, and then be placed into an assembly housing or be sent to another section for mechanical and/or electrical connections with other PCBs.[1][2]

The process was named in reference to a quotation from William of Ockham (1288–1348), who said, "It is vanity to do with more that which can be done with less."[3]

Main advantages

The 2006, European, RoHS regulations prompted the research needed to move from traditional lead-based solder connection processes to a more environmentally friendly approach. Much manufacturing is currently being done with tin-based solder to address this issue. Using tin requires much higher reflow temperatures and can result in rework stages due to electric shorts caused by tin-whiskers [4] (electrically conductive structures formed in this process) and other issues in the manufacturing process which are avoided by the Occam process.[2]

PCB’s themselves are usually created by use of a phenolic resin, itself a corrosive, toxic substance completely removed from the Occam process. Also, the nitric acid or ferric chloride used to etch traces into the boards is also removed from the process.

Since the PCB and parts population stages happen in the same process in the same plant, a company would no longer need to wait for delivery of ordered PCB’s to begin manufacturing.

The high temperatures usually seen by PCB’s inside of a reflow soldering oven are avoided by use of this process. This means that any issue of moisture sensitivity (MSL) in components by outgassing of moisture is completely avoided. This also then removes the storage equipment and processes needed to keep the moisture levels low in more intricate and expensive chips.

Main disadvantages

Currently though the process is set, it has not yet been implemented. It is defined as a “disruptive technology” [5] requiring a complete change in current manufacturing processes. Therefore, cost concerns for manufacturers needing new equipment, labour concerns for current PCB manufactures and others will need to be solved or addressed before widespread adoption of this process.

Although many toxic chemicals are removed from the traditional process, Occam’s increased use of encapsulation by epoxy could mean more of that sort of waste. The usual additives in epoxy have been shown to mimic estrogen, possibly resulting in adverse hormonal responses in humans.[6]

References
  1. "Robust, Simplified and Solder-Free Assembly Processing of Electronics Products, Verdant Electronics White Paper, Sunnyvale, CA, 2007
  2. Davy, Gordan. "Occam Process Introduction" (PDF). Surface Mount Technology Association. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  3. "Verdant Electronics homepage". Retrieved 2009-09-24.
  4. Sampson, Michael. "Basic Information on Tin Whiskers". NASA. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  5. Galbraith, Trevor. "Disruptive Technologies". Global SMT & Packaging. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  6. Le, Hoa H.; Carlson, Emily M.; Chua, Jason P.; Belcher, Scott M. (2008). "Bisphenol a is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons". Toxicology Letters. 176 (2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.11.001. PMC 2254523. PMID 18155859.
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