Olga Bancic

Bancic was born to a Jewish family in Chișinău, Bessarabia, which was part of the Russian Empire at the time, becoming part of the Romanian Kingdom after World War I. She worked in a mattress factory by the age of 12, and joined the labor movement, taking part in a strike during which she was arrested and allegedly beaten.[1] Bancic, who became a member of the outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR), was subsequently arrested several times.[1] In 1936, she traveled to France, where she aided local left-wing activists in transporting weapons to Spanish Republican forces fighting in the Civil War.[1][2]

Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Bancic gave birth to Dolores, her daughter with Alexandru Jar.[1] She left her child in the care of a French family following the start of German occupation,[1][3] and joined the Paris-based Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), taking part in about 100 sabotage acts against the Wehrmacht, and being personally involved in the manufacture and transport of explosives.[1] This came at a time when the PCR, weakened by successive crackdowns, had become divided into several autonomous groups. Similar to Gheorghe Gaston Marin, Bancic was among the Romanian activists who were integrated into the French Communist Party.[4]

Arrested by the Gestapo on 6 November 1943, she was subject to torture, but refused to give information about her comrades.[1] After the arrest of the Manouchian Group, the Gestapo published a series of propaganda posters, named l'Affiche Rouge, which depicted its members, Bancic included, as "terrorists".

On 21 February 1944, she, Manouchian, and 21 others were sentenced to death—all male defendants were executed later that day at Fort Mont-Valérien; since a law prevented women from being executed on French soil,[2] Bancic, the only female in the Group, was deported to Stuttgart and decapitated[1][2][3] in the local prison's courtyard on the date of her 32nd birthday.[5] During her transportation to the place of execution, she composed a letter to her daughter Dolores, who was known under the name Dolores Jacob, on a piece of paper which she threw out a window.[3]

Memorial, 14 rue du Chateau, Paris, 14th arrondissement

Bancic's widower, Alexandru Jar, returned to Romania at the end of the war, and established a career under the new Communist regime. During the 1950s, he became a noted opponent of the Party leadership around Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, and, together with Mihail Davidoglu and Ion Vitner, faced criticism from activist Miron Constantinescu over his "intellectualist-liberalist tendencies".[6]

Several streets were named in Bancic's honor, and small monuments were erected in her memory. Her name continued to be used as an asset by Communist authorities, but it fell into disuse after the 1989 Revolution. In 2005, writer and journalist Bedros Horasangian objected to the initiatives of Bucharest officials to remove the Polonă Street commemorative plaque making mention of her activities and to rename a street previously bearing her name, arguing that: "It is not proper and insults the memory of a woman who actually died for Allied victory (when Romania was allied to the Germans!). [...] In France, those who have fought in the antifascist resistance enjoy full respect".[7]