Onomasticon of Amenope

The Onomasticon of Amenope is an ancient Egyptian papyrus from the late 20th Dynasty to 22nd Dynasty. It is a compilation belonging to a tradition that began in the Middle Kingdom, and which includes the Ramesseum Onomasticon dating from the end of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, no earlier than the reign of Ramesses IX.[1][2] Nine copies of the document are known, of which the original Golenischeff copy is the most complete.[1] It is an administrative/literary categorization of 610 entities organized hierarchically,[3] rather than a list of words (glossary). It is known from ten fragments including versions on papyrus, board, leather, and pottery.[4]

For Eusebius' Onomasticon, see Onomasticon (Eusebius).

Discovery

The first copy of the Onomasticon of Amenope was discovered in 1890 at al-Hibah, Egypt. It was subsequently purchased in 1891 in Cairo by the Russian Egyptologist Vladimir Golenishchev. It was found in a jar together with the Report of Wenamun and the Tale of Woe.
A partial copy was found on the back side of the EA10474 papyrus available at the British Museum. It was analysed by Herbin.[5]

Content

The text begins with the following introductory heading, which outlines its encyclopedic contents:

Beginning of the teaching for clearing the mind, for instruction of the ignorant and for learning all things that exist: what Ptah created, what Thoth copied down, heaven with its affairs, Earth and what is in it, what the mountains belch forth, what is watered by the flood, all things upon which Re has shone, all that is grown on the back of earth, excogitated by the scribe of the sacred books in the House of Life, Amenope, son of Amenope. HE SAID:—[6]

What follows is a series of 610 individual entires separated into a number of discrete categories. Scholars have argued that the "degree of order" within the text "can be exaggerated"[3] but rubrics are used throughout to mark divisions. Egyptologist Alan Gardiner summarized the contents as follows:[7]

  1. Introductory Heading
  2. Sky, water, earth (1-62)
  3. Persons, courts, offices occupations (63-229)
  4. Classes, tribes, and types of human being (230-312)
  5. The towns of Egypt (313-419)
  6. Buildings, their parts, and types of land (420-73)
  7. Agricultural land, cereals and their products (474-555)
  8. Beverages (556-78)
  9. Parts of an ox and kinds of meat (579-610)

Importance

The Onomasticon of Amenope is an important resource for scholars studying ancient Egyptian life, the pharaonic administration and court, the priesthood,[8] the history of the Sea Peoples,[9] the geography and political organization of the Levant during the late New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period,[10] early Bible studies, etc.

See also

References
  1. Medjay in the Onomasticon of Amenenope: "The Onomasticon of Amenemope was originally composed at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty, no earlier than the reign of Ramesses IX. Nine copies of the manuscript exist, all of which date to Dynasties Twenty-one or Twenty-two. The term ‘Medjay’, no. 188, appears in only two of copies of this text, namely in the Golenischeff copy and in a copy made up of a few papyrus fragments from the Ramesseum. The Golenischeff copy, an early Twenty-first Dynasty version, is the most comprehensive and complete."
  2. I. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond, C. J. Gadd, The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press 1975, p.531
  3. Jack Goody, The Domestication of the Savage Mind, Cambridge University Press 1997, p.101
  4. Werner Hüllen, English Dictionaries, 800-1700: The Topical Tradition, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 31.
  5. HERBIN, F.R., 1986, « Une version inachevée de l’onomasticon d’Aménémopé », BIFAO, 1986, pp 187-198.
  6. Gardiner, Alan H. (1947). Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, Volume I. Oxford University Press. pp. Autographed text, 2*.
  7. Gardiner, Alan H. (1947). Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, Volume I. Oxford University Press. p. 37.
  8. Jack Goody, The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society, Cambridge University Press 1986, pp.34f
  9. Carl S. Ehrlich, The Philistines in Transition: A History of the Philistines from Ca. 1000-730 B. C. E., Brill 1996, p.7
  10. Lowell K. Handy, The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium, Brill 1997, p.184
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