Orphanage

Historically, an orphanage is a residential institution, or group home, devoted to the care of orphans and other children who were separated from their biological families. Examples of what would cause a child to be placed in orphanages are when the parents were deceased, the biological family was abusive to the child, there was substance abuse or mental illness in the biological home that was detrimental to the child, or the parents had to leave to work elsewhere and were unable or unwilling to take the child. The role of legal responsibility for the support of children whose parent(s) have died or are otherwise unable to provide care differs internationally.

This article is about the institution. For other uses, see Orphanage (disambiguation).

Plaque where once stood the ruota ("the wheel"), the place to abandon children at the side of the Chiesa della Pietà, the church of an orphanage in Venice. The plaque cites on a Papal bull by Paul III dated November 12, 1548, threatens "excommunication and maledictions" for all those who – having the means to rear a child – choose to abandon him/her instead. Such ex-communication may not be canceled until the culprit refunds all freights incurred to raise the baby.
Former Jewish orphanage in Berlin-Pankow
St. Nicholas Orphanage in Novosibirsk, Russia

The use of government-run orphanages has been phased out in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and in the European Union member-states during the latter half of the 20th century but continue to operate in many other regions internationally. While the term "orphanage" is no longer typically used in the United States, nearly every US state continues to operate residential group homes for children in need of a safe place to live and in which to be supported in their educational and life-skills pursuits. Homes like the Milton Hershey School[1] in Pennsylvania, Mooseheart[2] in Illinois and the Crossnore School and Children's Home[3] in North Carolina continue to provide care and support for children in need. While a place like the Milton Hershey School houses nearly 2,000 children, each child lives in a small group-home environment with "house parents"[4] who often live many years in that home. Children who grow up in these residential homes have higher rates of high school and college graduation than those who spend equivalent numbers of years in the US Foster Care system, wherein only 44 to 66 percent of children graduate from high school.[5][6]

Research from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is often cited as demonstrating that residential institutions negatively impact the wellbeing of children. The BEIP selected orphanages in Bucharest, Romania that raised abandoned children in socially and emotionally deprived environments in order to study the changes in development of infants and children after they had been placed with specially trained foster families in the local community.[7] This powerful study demonstrated how the lack of loving attention typically provided to children by their parents or caregivers is pivotal for optimal human development, specifically of the brain; adequate nutrition is not enough.[8] Further research of children who were adopted from institutions in Eastern European countries to the US demonstrated that for every 3.5 months that an infant spent in the institution, they lagged behind their peers in growth by 1 month.[9] Further, a meta-analysis of research on the IQs of children in orphanages found lower IQs among the children in many institutions, but this result was not found in the low-income country setting.[10]

Worldwide, residential institutions like orphanages can often be detrimental to the psychological development of affected children. In countries where orphanages are no longer in use, the long-term care of unwarded children by the state has been transitioned to a domestic environment, with an emphasis on replicating a family home. Many of these countries, such as the United States, utilize a system of monetary stipends paid to foster parents to incentivize and subsidize the care of state wards in private homes. A distinction must be made between foster care and adoption, as adoption would remove the child from the care of the state and transfer the legal responsibility for that child's care to the adoptive parent completely and irrevocably, whereas, in the case of foster care, the child would remain a ward of the state with the foster parent acting only as a caregiver.

Most children who live in orphanages are not orphans; four out of five children in orphanages have at least one living parent and most having some extended family.[11] Developing countries and their governments rely on kinship care to aid in the orphan crisis because it is cheaper to financially help extended families in taking in an orphaned child than it is to institutionalize them.[12] Additionally, developing nations are lacking in child welfare and their well-being because of a lack of resources. Research that is being collected in the developing world shows that these countries focus purely on survival indicators instead of a combination of their survival and other positive indicators like a developed nation would do.[13] This speaks to the way that many developed countries treat an orphan crisis, as the only focus is to obtain a way to ensure their survival. In the developed nations orphans can expect to find not only a home but also these countries will try and ensure a secure future as well. Furthermore, orphans in developing nations are seen as a problem that needs to be solved, this also makes them vulnerable to exploitation or neglect. In Pakistan, alternative care for orphans often falls on to extended families and Pakistan society as the government feels puts the burden of caring for orphans on them. Although it is very common for Pakistan citizens to take in orphans because of their culture and religion, only orphans whose parents have died are taken in. This neglects a population of children who need alternative care, either due to abuse, or parents who are unable to care for their child because of poverty, mental, or physical issues.[14]

A few large international charities continue to fund orphanages, but most are still commonly founded by smaller charities and religious groups.[15] Especially in developing countries, orphanages may prey on vulnerable families at risk of breakdown and actively recruit children to ensure continued funding. Orphanages in developing countries are rarely run by the state.[15][16] However, not all orphanages that are state-run are less corrupted; the Romanian orphanages, like those in Bucharest, were founded due to the soaring population numbers catalyzed by dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, who banned abortion and birth control and incentivized procreation in order to increase the Romanian workforce.[17]

Today's residential institutions for children, also described as congregate care, include group homes, residential child care communities, children's homes, refuges, rehabilitation centers, night shelters, and youth treatment centers.

History
Caring for orphans, by Dutch artist Jan de Bray, 1663

The Romans formed their first orphanages around 400 AD. Jewish law prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen. Plato (Laws, 927) says: "Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a fear of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphan's property as of his own or even more careful still."[18] The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, to monasteries. As soon as they were old enough, children were often given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and to learn an occupation.

In medieval Europe, care for orphans tended to reside with the Church. The Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted at the time of the Reformation and placed public responsibility on individual parishes to care for the indigent poor.

Foundling Hospitals
The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.

The growth of sentimental philanthropy in the 18th century led to the establishment of the first charitable institutions that would cater to orphans. The Foundling Hospital was founded in 1741 by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram in London, England, as a children's home for the "education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children." The first children were admitted into a temporary house located in Hatton Garden. At first, no questions were asked about child or parent, but a distinguishing token was put on each child by the parent.[19]

On reception, children were sent to wet nurses in the countryside, where they stayed until they were about four or five years old. At sixteen, girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years; at fourteen, boys were apprenticed into a variety of occupations, typically for seven years. There was a small benevolent fund for adults.

In 1756, the House of Commons resolved that all children offered should be received, that local receiving places should be appointed all over the country, and that the funds should be publicly guaranteed. A basket was accordingly hung outside the hospital; the maximum age for admission was raised from two months to twelve, and a flood of children poured in from country workhouses. Parliament soon came to the conclusion that the indiscriminate admission should be discontinued. The hospital adopted a system of receiving children only with considerable sums. This practice was finally stopped in 1801, and it henceforth became a fundamental rule that no money was to be received.[20]

19th century
A group of orphans at Crumpsall Workhouse in the 19th century

By the early nineteenth century, the problem of abandoned children in urban areas, especially London, began to reach alarming proportions. The workhouse system, instituted in 1834, although often brutal, was an attempt at the time to house orphans as well as other vulnerable people in society who could not support themselves in exchange for work. Conditions, especially for the women and children, were so bad as to cause an outcry among the social reform-minded middle-class; some of Charles Dickens' most famous novels, including Oliver Twist, highlighted the plight of the vulnerable and the often abusive conditions that were prevalent in the London orphanages.

Clamour for change led to the birth of the orphanage movement. In England, the movement really took off in the mid-19th century although orphanages such as the Orphan Working Home in 1758 and the Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls in 1795, had been set up earlier. Private orphanages were founded by private benefactors; these often received royal patronage and government oversight.[21] Ragged schools, founded by John Pounds and the Lord Shaftesbury were also set up to provide pauper children with basic education.

Orphanages were also set up in the United States from the early 19th century; for example, in 1806, the first private orphanage in New York (the Orphan Asylum Society, now Graham Windham) was co-founded by Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, widow of Alexander Hamilton, one of the founding fathers of the United States.[22] Under the influence of Charles Loring Brace, foster care became a popular alternative from the mid-19th century.[23] Later, the Social Security Act of 1935 improved conditions by authorizing Aid to Families with Dependent Children as a form of social security.

Thomas John Barnardo, the founder of the Barnardos Home for orphaned children.

A very influential philanthropist of the era was Thomas John Barnardo, the founder of the charity Barnardos. Becoming aware of the great numbers of homeless and destitute children adrift in the cities of England and encouraged by the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and the 1st Earl Cairns, he opened the first of the "Dr. Barnardo’s Homes" in 1870. By his death in 1905, he had established 112 district homes, which searched for and received waifs and strays, to feed, clothe and educate them.[24] The system under which the institution was carried on is broad as follows: the infants and younger girls and boys were chiefly "boarded out" in rural districts; girls above fourteen years of age were sent to the industrial training homes, to be taught useful domestic occupations; boys above seventeen years of age were first tested in labor homes and then placed in employment at home, sent to sea, or emigrated; boys of between thirteen and seventeen years of age were trained for the various trades for which they might be mentally or physically fitted[24]

Deinstitutionalization

Evidence from a variety of studies supports the vital importance of attachment security and later development of children. Deinstitutionalization of orphanages and children's homes program in the United States began in the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tann's Tennessee Children's Home Society). In Romania, a decree was established that aggressively promoted population growth, banning contraception and abortions for women with fewer than four children, despite the wretched poverty of most families. After Ceausescu was overthrown, he left a society unable and unwilling to take care of its children. Researchers conducted a study to see what the implications of this early childhood neglect were on development. Typically reared Romanian children showed high rates of secure attachment. Whereas the institutionally raised children showed huge rates of disorganized attachment.[25] Many countries accepted the need to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable children—that is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption.

Foster care operates by taking in children from their homes due to the lack of care or abuse of their parents, where orphanages take in children with no parents or children whose parents have dropped them off for a better life, typically due to income. Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European Community, and Romania, in particular, has struggled greatly to reduce the visibility of its children's institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union.

Some have stated it is important to understand the reasons for child abandonment, then set up targeted alternative services to support vulnerable families at risk of separation[26] such as mother and baby units and day care centres.[27]

Comparison to alternatives

Orphanages, especially larger ones, have had some well publicised examples of poor care.[28][29] In large institutions children, but particularly babies, may not receive enough eye contact, physical contact, and stimulation to promote proper physical, social or cognitive development.[30][31] In the worst cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect.[28][32][33]

One significant study, which disputes this, was carried out by Duke University. Their researchers concluded that institutional care in America in the 20th century produced the same health, emotional, intellectual, mental, and physical outcomes as care by relatives, and better than care in the homes of strangers.[34] One explanation for this is the prevalence of permanent temporary foster care. This is the name for a long string of short stays with different foster care families.[34] Permanent temporary foster care is highly disruptive to the child and prevents the child from developing a sense of security or belonging. Placement in the home of a relative maintains and usually improves the child's connection to family members.[34][35]

Another alternative is group homes which are used for short-term placements. They may be residential treatment centers, and they frequently specialize in a particular population with psychiatric or behavioral problems, e.g., a group home for children and teens with autism, eating disorders, or substance abuse problems or child soldiers undergoing decommissioning.

Criticism
Further information: Criticism of the Catholic Church § Catholic orphanages

Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and the most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty.[36] It is speculated that flush with money, orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died.[36] Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's development by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in the orphans.[36]

Children living in orphanages for prolonged periods get behind in development goals, have worse mental health. Orphanage children are not included in statistics making it easy to traffic them or abuse them in other ways. There are campaigns to include orphanage children and street children in progress statistics.[37]

Scams

Visitors to developing countries can be taken in by orphanage scams, which can include orphanages created for the day[38] or orphanages set up as a front to get foreigners to pay school fees of orphanage directors' extended families.[39] Alternatively the children whose upkeep is being funded by foreigners may be sent to work, not to school, the exact opposite of what the donor is expecting.[40] The worst even sell children.[41][42][43] In Cambodia, from 2005–2017, the number of orphanages increased by 75%, with many of these orphanages renting children from poor families for $25/month. Families are promised that their children can get free education and food here, but what really happens is that they are used as props to garner donations.[44] Some are also bought from their parents for very little and passed on to westerners who pay a large fee to adopt them.[45] This also happens in China.[46] In Nepal, orphanages can be used as a way to remove a child from their parents before placing them for adoption overseas, which is equally lucrative to the owners who receive a number of official and unofficial payments and "donations".[47][48] In other countries, such as Indonesia, orphanages are run as businesses, which will attract donations and make the owners rich; often the conditions orphans are kept in will deliberately be poor to attract more donations.[49]

Worldwide

Europe

The orphanages and institutions remaining in Europe tend to be in Eastern Europe and are generally state-funded.

Albania

There are approximately 10 small orphanages in Albania; each one having only 12-40 children residing there.[50]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

SOS Children's Villages giving support to 240 orphaned children.[51]

Bulgaria

The Bulgarian government has shown interest in strengthening children's rights.

In 2010, Bulgaria adopted a national strategic plan for the period 2010–2025 to improve the living standards of the country's children. Bulgaria is working hard to get all institutions closed within the next few years and find alternative ways to take care of the children.

"Support is sporadically given to poor families and work during daytime; correspondingly, different kinds of day centers have started up, though the quality of care in these centers is poorly measured and difficult to monitor. A smaller number of children have also been able to be relocated into foster families".[52][53]

There are 7000[53] children living in Bulgarian orphanages wrongly classified as orphaned. Only 10 percent of these are orphans, with the rest of the children placed in orphanages for temporary periods when the family is in crisis.[54]

Estonia

As of 2009, there are 35 orphanages.[55][56]

Hungary

A comprehensive national strategy for strengthening the rights of children was adopted by Parliament in 2007 and will run until 2032.

Child flow to orphanages has been stopped and children are now protected by social services. Violation of children's rights leads to litigation.[57]

Lithuania

In Lithuania there are 105 institutions. 41 percent of the institutions each have more than 60 children. Lithuania has the highest number of orphaned children in Northern Europe.[58][59]

Poland

Children's rights enjoy relatively strong protection in Poland. Orphaned children are now protected by social services.

Social Workers' opportunities have increased by establishing more foster homes and aggressive family members can now be forced away from home, instead of replacing the child/children.[60]

Moldova

More than 8800 children are being raised in state institutions, but only three percent of them are orphans.[61]

Romania
Main article: Romanian orphans

The Romanian child welfare system is in the process of being revised and has reduced the flow of infants into orphanages.[62]

According to Baroness Emma Nicholson, in some counties Romania now has "a completely new, world class, state of the art, child health development policy." Dickensian orphanages remain in Romania,[63] but Romania seeks to replace institutions by family care services, as children in need will be protected by social services.[64] As of 2018, there were 17.718 children in old-style residential centers,[65] a significant decrease from about 100,000 in 1990.[66]

Serbia

There are many state orphanages "where several thousand children are kept and which are still part of an outdated child care system". The conditions for them are bad because the government does not pay enough attention in improving the living standards for disabled children in Serbia's orphanages and medical institutions.[67]

Slovakia

The Committee made recommendations, such as proposals for the adoption of a new "national 14" action plan for children for at least the next five years, and the creation of an independent institution for the protection of child rights.[68]

Sweden

One of the first orphanages in Sweden was the Stora Barnhuset (1633-1922) in Stockholm,[69] which remained the biggest orphanage in Sweden for centuries. In 1785, however, a reform by Gustav III of Sweden stipulated that orphans should first and foremost always be placed in foster homes when that was possible.

In Sweden, there are 5,000 children in the care of the state. None of them are currently living in an orphanage, because there is a social service law which requires that the children reside in a family home.

United Kingdom

During the Victorian era, child abandonment was rampant, and orphanages were set up to reduce infant mortality. Such places were often so full of children that nurses often administered Godfrey's Cordial, a special concoction of opium and treacle, to soothe baby colic.[70]

Orphaned children were placed in either prisons or the poorhouse/workhouse, as there were so few places in orphanages, or else they were left to fend for themselves on the street. Such openings in orphanages as were available could only be obtained by collecting votes for admission, placing them out of reach of poor families.

Known orphanages are:

Founded in Name Location Founder
1741 Foundling Hospital London Thomas Coram
1795 Bristol Asylum for Poor Orphan Girls (Blue Maids' Orphanage) nr Stokes Croft turnpike, Bristol
1800 St Elizabeth's Orphanage of Mercy Eastcombe, Glos
1813 London Asylum for Orphans
London Orphan Asylum
 Hackney, London
Watford 1871
Cobham 1945
 Rev Andrew Reed
1822 Female Orphan Asylum Brighton Francois de Rosaz
1827 Infant Orphan Asylum
Royal Infant Orphanage
Royal Wanstead School
Royal Wanstead Children's Foundation
 Wanstead Rev Andrew Reed
1829 Sailor Orphan Girls School London
1831 Jews' Orphan Asylum
Norwood Jewish Orphanage 1928
Norwood Home for Jewish Children 1956
 Goodman's Fields, Whitechapel, London 1831
West Norwood 1866
1836 Ashley Down orphanage Bristol George Müller
1844 Asylum for Fatherless Children
Reedham Orphanage
 Richmond
Stoke Newington
Stamford Hill
Purley 1846
 Rev Andrew Reed
1854 Wolverhampton Orphan Asylum Goldthorn Hill, Wolverhampton John Lees
1856 Wiltshire Reformatory[71] Warminster
1857 St. Mary's Orphanage for Boys Blackheath, London Rev. William Gowan Todd, D.D.
1860 Major Street Ragged Schools Liverpool Canon Thomas Major Lester
1861 St. Philip Neri's orphanage for boys Birmingham Oratorians
1861 Adult Orphan Institution St Andrew's Place, Regent's Park, London
1861 British Orphan Asylum Clapham, London
1861 Female Orphan Asylum Westminster Road, London
1861 Female Orphan Home Charlotte Row, St Peter Walworth, London
1861 Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum Bromley St Leonard, Bow, London
1861 Orphan Working School Haverstock Hill, Kentish Town, London
1861 Orphanage Eagle House, Hammersmith, London
1861 The Orphanage Asylum Christchurch, Marylebone, London's
1861 The Sailors' Orphan Girls' School & Home Hampstead, London
1861 Sunderland Orphan Asylum Sunderland
1862 Swansea Orphan Home for Girls Swansea
1863 British Seaman's Orphan Boys' Home Brixham William Gibbs
1865 The Boys' Home Regent's Park London
1866 Dr. Barnardo's various Dr. Barnardo
1866 National Industrial Home for Crippled Boys London
1867 Peckham Home for Little Girls London Maria Rye
1868 The Boys' Refuge Bisley
1868 Royal Albert Orphanage Worcester
1868 Worcester Orphan Asylum Worcester
1868 St Francis' Boy's Home Shefford, Bedfordshire
1869 Ely Deaconesses Orphanage Bedford Rev Thomas Bowman Stephenson
1869 Orphanage and Almshouses Erdington Josiah Mason
1869 The Neglected Children of Exeter Exeter
1869 Alexandra Orphanage for Infants Hornsey Rise, London
1869 Stockwell Orphanage London Charles Spurgeon
1869 New Orphan Asylum Upper Henwick, Worcs
1869 Wesleyan Methodist National Children's Homes
National Children's Homes
NCH Action for Children
Action for Children
 various Rev Thomas Bowman Stephenson
1870 Fegans Homes London James William Condell Fegan
1870 Manchester and Salford Boys' and Girls' Refuge Manchester
1870 18 Stepney Causeway
The William Baker Memorial Technical School for Boys 1922
 London
Goldings estate, Hertford 1922
 Dr. Barnardo
1871 Wigmore West Bromwich and Walsall WJ Gilpin
1872 Middlemore Home Edgbaston Dr. John T. Middlemore
1872 St Theresa Roman Catholic Orphanage for Girls Plymouth Sisters of Charity
1873 The Orphan Homes Ryelands Road, Leominster Henry S. Newman[72][73]
1874 Cottage Homes for Children West Derby Mrs. Nassau Senior
1875 Aberlour Orphanage Aberlour, Scotland Rev Charles Jupp
1877 All Saints Boys' Orphanage Lewisham, London
1880 Birmingham Working Boy's Home (for boys over the age of 13) Birmingham Major Alfred V. Fordyce
1881 The Waifs and Strays' Society[74]
Church of England Incorporated Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays 1893
Church of England Children's Society 1946
The Children's Society 1982
 East Dulwich, London Edward de Montjoie Rudolf
1881 Catholic Children's Protection Society Liverpool James Nugent & Bishop Bernard O'Reilly
1881 Dorset County Boys Home Milborne St Andrew
1881 Brixton Orphanage Brixton Road, Lambeth, London
1881 Orphanage Infirmary West Square, London Road, Southwark, London
1881 Orphans' Home South Street. London Road, Southwark, London
1882 St Michael's Home for Friendless Girls Salisbury
1890 St Saviour's Home Shrewsbury
1890 Orphanage of Pity[71] Warminster
1890 Wolverhampton Union Cottage homes Wolverhampton
1892 Calthorpe Home For Girls Handsworth, Birmingham The Waifs and Strays' Society[75]
1899 Northern Police Orphanage
St George's House, Harrogate
 Harrogate Catherine Gurney
1899 Inglewood Children's Home Otley, Leeds
1918 Painswick Orphanage Painswick
unknown Clio Boys' Home Liverpool
unknown St Philip's Orphanage, (RC Institution for Poor Orphan Children) Brompton, Kensington

Sub-Saharan Africa
AIDS orphans in Malawi

The majority of African orphanages (especially in Sub-Saharan Africa) appear to be funded by donors, often from Western nations, rather than by domestic governments.

Ethiopia

"For example, in the Jerusalem Association Children's Home (JACH), only 160 children remain of the 785 who were in JACH's three orphanages." / "Attitudes regarding the institutional care of children have shifted dramatically in recent years in Ethiopia. There appears to be a general recognition by MOLSA and the NGOs with which Pact is working that such care is, at best, a last resort and that serious problems arise with the social reintegration of children who grow up in institutions, and deinstitutionalization through family reunification and independent living are being emphasized."[76]

Ghana

A 2007 survey sponsored by OAfrica (previously OrphanAid Africa) and carried out by the Department of Social Welfare came up with the figure of 4,800 children in institutional care in 148 orphanages.[77] The government is currently attempting to phase out the use of orphanages in favor of foster care placements and adoption. At least eighty-eight[78] homes have been closed since the passage of the National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children. The website www.ovcghana.org details these reforms.

Kenya

A 1999 survey of 36,000 orphans found the following number in institutional care: 64 in registered institutions and 164 in unregistered institutions.[79]

Malawi

There are about 101 orphanages in Malawi. There is a UNICEF/Government driven program on de-institutionalization, but few orphanages are yet involved in the program.

Amitofo Care Centre ("ACC"), a charitable, non-governmental and nonprofit making orphanage organization, which comprises an administration center, children's dormitories, youth dormitories, preparatory school, Yuan Tong Primary and Secondary schools, library, activity center, medical center, religious center, Community Bases Organization (CBO), etc. - is founded and directed by a Buddhist monk from the East with an aspiration and mission to directly rear and care for need and vulnerable children of Africa within the humanitarian and educational umbrella. The main principles of ACC are based on local African culture, Chinese culture, Western culture, and Buddhist philosophy which are delivered to the needy and vulnerable children. This is considered a unique and remarkable characteristic of ACC although it must be stressed that none of the orphans have taken refuge in Buddhism, as we respect their religious freedom and will allow them to choose their own as they enter adulthood.

Rwanda

Out of 400,000 orphans, 5,000 are living in orphanages.[80] The Government of Rwanda are working with Hope and Homes for Children to close the first institution and develop a model for community-based childcare which can be used across the country and ultimately Africa[81]

Tanzania

"Currently, there are 52 orphanages in Tanzania caring for about 3,000 orphans and vulnerable children."[82] A world bank document on Tanzania showed it was six times more expensive to institutionalize a child there than to help the family become functional and support the child themselves.

Nigeria
Nigerian orphanage in the late 1960s

In Nigeria, a rapid assessment of orphans and vulnerable children conducted in 2004 with UNICEF support revealed that there were about seven million orphans in 2003 and that 800,000 more orphans were added during that same year. Out of this total number, about 1.8  million are orphaned by HIV/AIDS. With the spread of HIV/AIDS, the number of orphans is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years to 8.2  million by 2010.[83]

South Africa

Since 2000, South Africa does not license orphanages any more but they continue to be set up unregulated and potentially more harmful. Theoretically, the policy supports community-based family homes but this is not always the case. One example is the homes operated by Thokomala.[84]

Zambia

A 1996 national survey of orphans revealed no evidence of orphanage care. The breakdown of care was as follows: 38% grandparents, 55% extended family, 1% older orphan, 6% non-relative. Recently a group of students started a fundraising website for an orphanage in Zambia.[79][85]

Zimbabwe
Mother of Peace AIDS orphanage, Zimbabwe, 2005

There are 39 privately run children's charity homes, or orphanages, in the country, and the government operates eight of its own. Privately run Orphanages can accommodate an average of 2000 children, though some are very small and located in very remote areas, hence can take in less than 150 children. Statistics on the total number of children in orphanages nationwide are unavailable, but caregivers say their facilities were becoming unmanageably overwhelmed almost on a daily basis. Between 1994 and 1998, the number of orphans in Zimbabwe more than doubled from 200,000 to 543,000, and in five years, the number is expected to reach 900,000. (Unfortunately, there is no room for these children.)[86]

Togo

In Togo, there were an estimated 280,000 orphans under 18 years of age in 2005, 88,000 of them orphaned by AIDS.[87] Ninety-six thousand orphans in Togo attend school.[87]

Sierra Leone

[88]

  • Children (0–17 years) orphaned by AIDS, 2005, estimate 31,000[89]
  • Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 340,000[89]
  • Orphan school attendance ratio, 1999–2005 71,000[89]

Senegal
  • Children (0–17 years) orphaned by AIDS, 2005, estimate 25,000[90]
  • Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 560,000[90]
  • Orphan school attendance ratio, 1999–2005 74,000[90]

Nepal

There are at least 602 child care homes housing 15,095 children in Nepal[91] "Orphanages have turned into a Nepalese industry there is rampant abuse and a great need for intervention."[43][92] Many do not require adequate checks of their volunteers, leaving children open to abuse.[91]

Afghanistan
PRT donates clothing, blankets to Khowst orphanage in Afghanistan

"At Kabul's two main orphanages, Alauddin and Tahia Maskan, the number of children enrolled has increased almost 80 percent since last January, from 700 to over 1,200 children. Almost half of these come from families who have at least one parent, but who can't support their children."[93] The non-governmental organisation Mahboba's promise assists orphans in contemporary Afghanistan.[94] Nowadays the number of orphanages had changed. There are approximately 19 orphanages only in Kabul.[95]

Bangladesh

"There are no statistics regarding the actual number of children in welfare institutions in Bangladesh. The Department of Social Services, under the Ministry of Social Welfare, has a major program named Child Welfare and Child Development in order to provide access to food, shelter, basic education, health services and other basic opportunities for hapless children." (The following numbers mention capacity only, not actual numbers of orphans at present.)

9,500 – State institutions 250 – babies in three available "baby homes" 400 – Destitute Children's Rehabilitation Centre 100 – Vocational Training Centre for Orphans and Destitute Children 1,400 -Sixty-five Welfare and Rehabilitation Programmes for Children with Disability

The private welfare institutions are mostly known as orphanages and madrassahs. The authorities of most of these orphanages put more emphasis on religion and religious studies. One example follows: 400 – Approximately – Nawab Sir Salimullah Muslim Orphanage.[96]

Maldives

Orphans, Children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2010, estimate 51.[97]

India
Tirurangadi Orphanage, India.

India is in the top 10 and also has a very large number of orphans as well as a destitute child population. Orphanages operated by the state are generally known as juvenile homes. In addition, there is a vast number of privately run orphanages running into thousands spread across the country. These are run by various trusts, religious groups, individual citizens, citizens groups, NGO's, etc.

While some of these places endeavor to place the children for adoption a vast majority just care and educate them till they are of legal majority age and help place them back on their feet. Prominent organizations in this field include BOYS TOWN, SOS children's villages, etc.

There have been scandals especially with regard to adoption. Since government rules restrict funds unless there are a certain number of residents, some orphanages make sure the resident numbers remain high at the cost of adoption.

Pakistan

According to a UNICEF report in 2016, there are around 4.2 million orphaned children in Pakistan.[98] Pakistan has had sizable economic growth from 1950-1999 yet they aren't performing well in multiple social indicators like education and health, and this is mainly due to the corrupt and unstable government.[99] Pakistan heavily relies on the nonprofit sector and zakat to finance social issues such as aid for orphans. Zakat is a financial obligation on Muslims which requires one to donate 2.5% of the family's income to charity, and it is specifically mentioned in the Quran to take care of orphans.[100] With the new use of zakat money from donations to investments it has a lot of potential in benefiting the development as well as the ultimate goal of poverty alleviation.[101] The Pakistan government relies on this public sector on taking care of local issues so that they do not have the burden. Furthermore, only 6 percent of cash revenues are contributed to non-profits in Pakistan, and they are heavily favored by the government because it saves them money as non-profits are taking care of issues such as orphan care.[102]

Taiwan

The number of orphanages and orphans drastically dropped from 15 institutions and 2,216 persons in 1971 to 9 institutions and 638 persons by the end of 2001.

Thailand

There are still a substantial number of NGOs and informal Orphanages in Thailand, particularly in Northern Thailand near the borders of Laos and Myanmar, e.g. around Chiang Rai. Very few of the children in these establishments are orphans, most have living parents. They attract funding from well-meaning tourists. Often protecting the children from trafficking/abuse is cited but the names and photographs of the children are published in marketing material to attract more funding.[103] The reality is that the safest environment for these children is almost always with their parents or in their villages with familial connections where strangers are rarely seen and immediately recognized. A very few of these orphanages, go so far as to abduct or forcibly remove children from their homes, often across the border in Myanmar. The parents in local hill tribes may be encouraged to "buy a place" in the orphanage for vast sums, being told their child will have a better future. Some children's homes claim to always try to repatriate children with their families, but the local managers & director of the homes know of no such procedures or processes.[104]

South Korea

"There are now 17,000 children in public orphanages throughout the country and untold numbers at private institutions."[105]

Japan

As of 2015, Japanese orphanages are severely underfunded, relying heavily on volunteer work. There are 602 foster homes across Japan, each with 30-100 children. The government allocates a large amount of funding to the care of its growing senior population, Japan being purported to have the highest percentage elderly population in the world. Declined birthrate and increased life expectancy have caused a population crisis in Japan. A large portion of children in orphanages are not orphans but victims of domestic abuse or neglect.

Cambodia

There are numerous NGOs focusing their efforts on assisting Cambodia's orphans: one group, World Orphans, constructed 47 orphanages housing over 1500 children in a three-year period.[106] The total number of orphans is much higher, but unknown: "There are no accurate figures available on how many orphans there are in Cambodia." One charity named "CHOICE Cambodia" is run by ex-pats based in the capital city of Phnom Penh; it helps support extremely poor and homeless people and helps families stay together rather than have their children put into orphanages where they might get exploited.

China

"Currently there are 50,000 children in Chinese orphanages, while the number of abandoned children shows no sign of slowing. Official figures show that fewer than 20,000 of China's orphans are now in any form of institutional care."[107] Chinese official records fail to account for most of the country's abandoned infants and children, only a small proportion of whom are in any form of acknowledged state care.[107] The most recent figure provided seems implausibly low for a country with a total population of 1.2 billion.[107] Even if it were accurate, however, the whereabouts of the great majority of China's orphans would still be a complete mystery, leaving crucial questions about the country's child welfare system unanswered and suggesting that the real scope of the catastrophe that has befallen China's unwanted children may be far larger than the evidence in this report documents.

Laos

"It is stated that there are 20,000 orphaned children in Laos. There are only three orphanages in the whole country providing places for a total of 1,000 of these children." No Title. By Anneli Dahlbom One of the largest orphanages in Laos is in the town of Phonsavan. It is an S.O.S. orphanage and there are over 120 orphans living in the facility.[108]

Middle East and North Africa
Orphan girls at the Aleppo Armenian orphanage, 1923

Egypt

"The [Mosques of Charity] orphanage houses about 120 children in Giza, Menoufiya and Qalyubiya." "We [Dar Al-Iwaa] provide free education and accommodation for over 200 girls and boys." "Dar Al-Mu'assassa Al-Iwaa'iya (Shelter Association), a government association affiliated with the Ministry of Social Affairs, was established in 1992. It houses about 44 children." There are also 192 children at The Awlady, 30 at Sayeda Zeinab orphanage, and 300 at My Children Orphanage.

Note: There are about 185 orphanages in Egypt. The above information was taken from the following articles: "Other families" by Amany Abdel-Moneim. Al-Ahram Weekly (5/1999). "Ramadan brings a charity to Egypt's orphans". Shanghai Star (13 December 2001). "A Child by Any Other Name" by Réhab El-Bakry. Egypt Today (11/2001).

Orphanage Project in Egypt—www.littlestlamb.org

Sudan

There is still at least one orphanage in Sudan although efforts have been made to close it.[109]

Bahrain

The "Royal Charity Organization"[110] is a Bahraini governmental charity organization founded in 2001 by King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah to sponsor all helpless Bahraini orphans and widows. Since then almost 7,000 Bahraini families are granted monthly payments, annual school bags, and a number of university scholarships. Graduation ceremonies, various social and educational activities, and occasional contests are held each year by the organization for the benefit of orphans and widows sponsored by the organization.

Iraq

UNICEF maintains the same number at present. "While the number of state homes for orphans in the whole of Iraq was 25 in 1990 (serving 1,190 children); both the number of homes and the number of beneficiaries has declined. The quality of services has also declined."

A 1999 study by UNICEF "recommended the rebuilding of national capacity for the rehabilitation of orphans." The new project "will benefit all the 1,190 children placed in orphanages."

Palestinian Territory

"In 1999, the number of children living in orphanages witnessed a considerable drop as compared to 1998. The number dropped from 1,980 to 1,714 orphans. This is due to the policy of child re-integration in their household adopted by the Ministry of Social Affairs."

Former Soviet Union
The Moscow Orphanage (founded in 1763, constructed in the 1770s)

In the post-Soviet countries, orphanages are better known as "children's homes" (Детскиe домa). After reaching school age, all children enroll at internats (Школа-интернат) (boarding schools).

Russia
See also: Orphans in Russia

Over 700,000 orphans live in Russia, increasing at the rate of 113,000 per year. UNICEF estimates that 95% of these children are "social orphans", meaning that they have at least one living parent who has given them up to the state.[111][112][113][114] In 2011 Russian authorities registered 88,522 children who became orphans that year (down from 114,715 in 2009).[115]

There are few webpages for Russian orphanages in English, such as St Nicholas Orphanage in Siberia,[116] or the Alapaevsk orphanage in the Urals. "Of a total of more than 600,000 children classified as being 'without parental care' (most of them live with other relatives and fosters), as many as one-third reside in institutions."[117]

In 2011, there were 1344 institutions for orphans in Russia,[118] including 1094 orphanages ("children's homes")[119] and 207 special ("corrective") orphanages for children with serious health issues.[120]

Azerbaijan

"Many children are abandoned due to extreme poverty and harsh living conditions. Some may be raised by family members or neighbors but the majority live in crowded orphanages until the age of fifteen when they are sent into the community to make a living for themselves."[121]

Belarus

Approximate total – 1,773 (1993 statistics for "all types of orphanages")

Kyrgyzstan
Belovodski Preschool Orphanage in Karabalta, Kyrgyzstan

Partial information: 85 – Ivanovka Orphanage[122]

Tajikistan

"No one can be sure how many lone children are there in the republic. About 9,000 are in internets and in orphanages."[123]

Ukraine

103,000[124] Of this number about 80 percent are described as "social orphans", because the parents are either too poor, abusive, or too addicted to drugs or alcohol to raise them.[125]

Since 2012 the number of children adopted by foreigners has gradually been reducing. From about two thousand in 2012 to about two hundred in 2016.[126] A bit more than a thousand children were adopted by Ukrainians in 2016.[126]

Other information:

Uzbekistan

Partial Information: 80 – Takhtakupar Orphanage

Australia

Orphanages in Australia mostly closed after World War II and up to the 1970s. Children are mainly put under foster care. Notable former orphanages include the Melbourne Orphanage and the St. John's Orphanage in Goulburn, New South Wales.[130]

Indonesia

No verifiable information for the number of children actually in orphanages. The number of orphaned and abandoned children is approximately 500,000.[131]

Fiji

Orphans, children (0–17 years) orphaned due to all causes, 2005, estimate 25,000[132]

Haiti

Haitians and expatriate childcare professionals are careful to make it clear that Haitian orphanages and children's homes are not orphanages in the North American sense, but instead shelters for vulnerable children, often housing children whose parent(s) are poor as well as those who are abandoned, neglected or abused by family guardians. Neither the number of children or the number of institutions is officially known, but Chambre de L'Enfance Necessiteusse Haitienne (CENH) indicated that it has received requests for assistance from nearly 200 orphanages from around the country for more than 200,000 children. Although not all are orphans, many are vulnerable or originate in vulnerable families that "hoped to increase their children's opportunities by sending them to orphanages. Catholic Relief Services provides assistance to 120 orphanages with 9,000 children in the Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est and Grand'Anse, but these include only orphanages that meet their criteria. They estimate receiving ten requests per week for assistance from additional orphanages and children's homes, but some of these are repeat requests."[133]

In 2007, UNICEF estimated there were 380,000 orphans in Haiti, which has a population of just over 9 million, according to the CIA World Factbook. However, since the January 2010 earthquake, the number of orphans has skyrocketed, and the living conditions for orphans have seriously deteriorated. Official numbers are hard to find due to the general state of chaos in the country.

Mexico

"...at least 10,000 Mexican children live in orphanages and more live in unregistered charity homes"

  • Mexican Orphanages[134]
  • Mazatlan Mexico Orphanage[135]
  • Casa Hogar Jeruel:[136] Orphanage in Chihuahua City, Mexico

United States
St. Elizabeth's orphanage in New Orleans, 1940

Some private orphanages still exist in the United States apart from governmental child protective services processes.[137][138] Following World War II, most orphanages in the U.S. began closing or converting to boarding schools or different kinds of group homes. Also, the term "children's home" became more common for those still existing. Over the past few decades, orphanages in the U.S. have been replaced with smaller institutions that try to provide a group home or boarding school environment. Most children who would have been in orphanages are in these residential treatment centers (RTC), residential child care communities, or with foster families. Adopting from RTCs, group homes, or foster families does not require working with an adoption agency, and in many areas, fostering to adopt is highly encouraged.[139][140]

Central and South America
In a Colombian orphanage, a nurse takes care of three children.

Guatemala

"...currently there are about 20,000 children in orphanages."[141]

Peru

Casa Hoger Lamedas Pampa, in Huanaco.

Significant charities that help orphans

Prior to the establishment of state care for orphans in First World countries, private charities existed to take care of destitute orphans, over time other charities have found other ways to care for children.

  • The Orphaned Starfish Foundation[142] is a non-profit organisation based in New York City that focuses on developing vocational schools for orphans, victims of abuse and at-risk youth. It runs fifty computer centers in twenty-five countries, serving over 10,000 children worldwide
  • Lumos works to replace institutions with community-based services that provide children with access to health, education, and social care tailored to their individual needs.
  • Hope and Homes for Children are working with governments to deinstitutionalize their child care systems.
  • Stockwell Home and later Birchington, started by Charles H Spurgeon, is now Spurgeons after the last orphanage closed in 1979. Spurgeons Children's Charity provides support to vulnerable and disadvantaged children and families across England.
  • SOS Children's Villages is the world's largest non-governmental, non-denominational child welfare organization that provides loving family homes for orphaned and abandoned children.
  • Dr. Barnardo's Homes are now simply Barnardo's after closing their last orphanage in 1989.
  • OAfrica, previously OrphanAid Africa, has been working in Ghana since 2002, to get children out of orphanages and into families, in partnership with the government and as the only private implementing partner of the National Plan of Action.[143]
  • Joint Council on International Children's Services is a nonprofit child advocacy organization based in Alexandria, Virginia. It is the largest association of international adoption agencies in America, and in addition to working in 51 different countries, advocates for ethical practices in American adoption agencies

See also

References
  1. "Milton Hershey School Website". 21 July 2018.
  2. "Mooseheart". www.mooseheart.org.
  3. "Crossnore School & Children's Home - Foster Care - Clinical Services". Crossnore.
  4. "Careers as Houseparents - Milton Hershey School".
  5. Conger, D. Rebeck, A. "How Children's Foster Care Experiences Affect Their Education." Vera Institute of Justice. 2001.
  6. "A Critical Look at The Foster Care System: Foster Care Outcomes." 2015
  7. Nelson, Charles; et al. (2007). "Cognitive Recovery In Socially Deprived Young Children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project". Science. 318 (5858): 1937–1940. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1937N. doi:10.1126/science.1143921. PMID 18096809. S2CID 1460630.
  8. Media, American Public. "American RadioWorks - Rewiring the Brain". americanradioworks.publicradio.org.
  9. Johnson, Dana; Dole (1999). "International Adoptions: Implications for Early Interventions". Infants and Young Children. 11 (4): 34. doi:10.1097/00001163-199904000-00008.
  10. van IJzendoorn, MH, Luijk. M, Juffer, F. IQ of Children Growing Up in Children's Homes: A Meta-Analysis on IQ Delays in Orphanages. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Volume 54, Number 3, July 2008, pp. 341-366
  11. Corinna Csáky (2009). Keeping Children Out of Harmful Institutions (PDF) (Report). Save the Children. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  12. Groza, Victor K.; Bunkers, Kelley Mccreery; Gamer, Gary N. (2011). "Vii. Ideal Components and Current Characteristics of Alternative Care Options for Children Outside of Parental Care in Low-Resource Countries". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 76 (4): 163–189. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00632.x. JSTOR 41408761.
  13. Gabel, Shirley Gatenio; Kamerman, Sheila B. (2012). Assessing child well-being in developing countries. Global Child Poverty and Well-Being. pp. 245–260. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qgppd.15. ISBN 9781447301141.
  14. www.fkn.org.il (PDF) https://www.fkn.org.il/webfiles/fck/files/Middle-East-and-Asia_Perspectives-ebook.pdf#page=151. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. "How to fix orphanages". The Spectator. UK. 8 October 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  16. Little Princes, Conor Grennan
  17. Media, American Public. "American RadioWorks - Rewiring the Brain". americanradioworks.publicradio.org.
  18. "The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI".
  19. "Ashlyns School, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire". Ashlyns.herts.sch.uk. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  20. Oliver, Christine and Peter Aggleton (2000). Coram's Children: Growing Up in the Care of the Foundling Hospital: 1900-1955. Coram Family. ISBN 978-0-9536613-1-2.
  21. "English Orphanages".
  22. Segedin, Andy (17 May 2016). "Hamilton Boosts Orphanage's Story, History". The NonProfit Times. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016.
  23. America Past and Present Online-Charles Loring Brace, The Life of The Street Rats. 1872. Archived from the original on 27 May 2006.
  24. Chisholm 1911.
  25. Dozier, Mary (1 June 2014). "Romania's Abandoned Children: Deprivation, Brain Development, and the Struggle for Recovery". American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (6): 693–694. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14030320. ISSN 0002-953X.
  26. "Inclusion Europe | Committee of Ministers: Recommendation on Deinstitutionalization of Children with Disabilities". E-include.eu. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  27. "Europe and Central Asia" (PDF). UNICEF Europe and Central Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  28. "Online library: Save the Children UK". Savethechildren.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  29. "Online library: Save the Children UK". Savethechildren.org.uk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  30. Johnson, Rebecca; Browne, Kevin; Hamilton-Giachritsis, Catherine (1 January 2006). "Young Children in Institutional Care at Risk of Harm". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 7 (1): 34–60. doi:10.1177/1524838005283696. PMID 16332980. S2CID 16367158.
  31. "The Bucharest Early Intervention Project" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  32. Paul Lewis in Tirana (27 October 2008). "Three British evangelicals cast blame on each other in trials over child abuse at Albanian orphanage | Society". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  33. 7thSpace (10 August 2011). "South Africa: Homes close down for violating human rights". 7thspace.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  34. McKenzie, Richard B. (14 January 2010). "The Best Thing About Orphanages". The Wall Street Journal.
  35. "accessed 3 September 2009". BBC News. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  36. "Aid Gives Alternative to African Orphanages". nytimes.com. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  37. Could 2017 be the year we leave no one behind? New Statesman
  38. "The Case of the Vanishing Orphanage | Good Intentions Are Not Enough". Goodintents.org. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  39. "CRIN".
  40. "Bali's Orphanage Scam". Baliadvertiser.biz. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  41. Nawgrahe, Prashant (15 June 2010). "Orphanage scam grows". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  42. "Orphanage Scams". Thirdworldorphans.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  43. "News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual". Myrepublica.Com. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  44. "28 Tourist targeted scams in Cambodia". Travelscams.org. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  45. Mydans, Seth (5 November 2001). "U.S. Interrupts Cambodian Adoptions". The New York Times. Cambodia. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  46. "China: Adopted Children May Have Been Stolen From Their Families, Holly Williams Reports – Sky News Video Player". News.sky.com. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  47. Thomas Bell. "Cashing it big on children". Nepali Times. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  48. Bell, Thomas (28 September 2011). "BBC News – Nepal comes to terms with foreign adoptions tragedy". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  49. "Bali orphanages: How tourist cash funds a racket". BBC News. 7 December 2011.
  50. "Albanian's Children Photo". Adoptionworx.com. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  51. "Helping Orphans in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Soschildrensvillages.ca. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  52. http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/51cacb4e4318d3f2d78c62ef72787efe/Bulgarien.pdf
  53. "Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker" (PDF). Humanrights.gov.se. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  54. "One Heart Bulgaria – Non-profit Humanitarian Aid Organization". Oneheart-bg.org. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  55. "Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker" (PDF). Humanrights.gov.se. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  56. http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/74c53f5440e23b5fa2b948c7b40eb5ca/Estland.pdf
  57. http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080325/eec1656e32f2e28fdd08acc8fa800070/Ungern.pdf
  58. "Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker" (PDF). Humanrights.gov.se. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  59. http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/dynamaster/file_archive/080314/5c08d4415225dfc8695e0f535fbfe168/Litauen.pdf
  60. "Tyvärr hittar vi inte Sidan du söker" (PDF). Humanrights.gov.se. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  61. "Tyvärr hittar vi inte sidan du söker" (PDF). Humanrights.gov.se. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  62. "Viewpoints: Balkan boost for EU". BBC News. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  63. "The new Romanian orphans". Childrights.ro. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  64. "Hope and Homes for Children | Romania". Hopeandhomes.org. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  65. http://www.mmuncii.ro/j33/images/buletin_statistic/2018/Copil_sem_I_2018.pdf
  66. "Half a million kids survived Romania's 'slaughterhouses of souls.' Now they want justice".
  67. Anastasijevic, Dejan (14 November 2007). "Disabled Serbians in Harsh Conditions". Time.
  68. "Microsoft Word - Slovakien.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  69. Allmänna Barnhouse 1713-1900 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Storstockholms genealogists förening. 2008.
  70. Abernethy, Virginia D. Population Politics. New York: Plenum Press, 1993.
  71. "Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 8 pp 132-134 – Warminster: Schools". British History Online. University of London. 1965. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  72. "Kelly's Directory of Herefordshire, 1913". Kelly's. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  73. "Quakers orphanage - The Orphans Press". What everyone should know about Leominster's past. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  74. "A Brief History of the Waifs and Strays' Society". Hidden Lives Revealed. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  75. "Calthorpe Home For Girls, Handsworth". Hidden Lives. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  76. Archived 13 March 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  77. "OrphanAid Africa" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  78. "Gov't closes down 89 orphanages". www.ghanaweb.com.
  79. "Social Protection and Risk Management – Social Safety Nets" (PDF). Worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  80. "Africa – Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series" (PDF). Worldbank.org. 21 October 2004. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  81. "Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion – MINISTER'S VISIT TO HOPE AND HOMES FOR CHILDREN (HHC)". Migeprof.gov.rw. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  82. "Table of Contents" (PDF). Synergyaids.com. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  83. "Press center – Millions of orphans in Nigeria need care and access to basic services". UNICEF. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  84. "Thokomala". Thokomala. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  85. "Mulunda Miaka Orphanage - A Friend Forever". mmorphanage.org.
  86. "Global Challenges". Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report. 11 September 2000. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
  87. "Unicef Togo Statistics".
  88. "CRIN".
  89. "Unicef Sierra Leona Statistics".
  90. "Unicef Senegal Statistics".
  91. "IRIN Asia | NEPAL: Protecting children from abuser-volunteers | Nepal | Children". Irinnews.org. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  92. McArthur, D. (2011). 10 Steps Forward to Deinstitutionalisation (PDF) (Report). Terre des Hommes Founddation, and Hope for Himalayan Kids, Nepal. ISBN 978-9937-2-3599-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  93. "Poverty forces Kabul parents to send kids to orphanages". Christian Science Monitor. 3 June 2002. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  94. Haussegger, Virginia (2009). "Mahboba's promise". ABC TV 7.30 Report. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
  95. "Home | Tikkun Olam International". Tikkun Olam International. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
  96. Women And Children In Disadvantaged Situations Archived 14 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  97. "Minivan News". Retrieved 6 April 2007.
  98. "Pakistan's Orphans". The Nation. 21 May 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  99. Easterly, William (June 2001). "The Political Economy of Growth Without Development A Case Study of Pakistan". World Bank: 1–53. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.543.6905.
  100. Heyneman, Stephen P. (2004). Islam and Social Policy. Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 9780826514479.
  101. Suhaib, Abdul Quddus. "2009, 'Contribution of Zakat in the social development of Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences: 313–334. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.717.6271.
  102. Ghaus-Pasha, Aisha; Iqbal, Muhammad Asif (2002). "Non-profit Sector in Pakistan: Government Policy and Future Issues" (PDF). The Pakistan Development Review. 41 (4II): 879–908. doi:10.30541/V41I4IIPP.879-908. S2CID 6253668. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  103. "IHF Promotional Video - youtube".
  104. "CEO Annual Report - IHF" (PDF).
  105. Reitman, Valerie (6 March 1999). "S. Korea Tries to Take Care of Its Own With Domestic Adoptions - Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  106. "Statistics". Rykersdream.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  107. Mille. Adoption. p. 75.
  108. "Phonsavan Orphanage". Cloud Depot Nine Charity. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.
  109. "Alternative family care technical briefing paper.pub" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  110. "Royal Charity Organization". Orphans.gov.bh. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  111. — source. "Statistics". RCWS.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  112. "Russian Orphans Facts and Statistics". Iorphan.org. 19 May 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  113. "Information about Russian orphans". Bigfamilyministry.org. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  114. Eke, Steven (1 June 2005). "Health warning over Russian youth". BBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  115. Численность детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, выявленных и учтенных на конец отчетного года (значение показателя за год) – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)
  116. Archived 7 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  117. "Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. 9 March 1998. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  118. Общее число учреждений для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)
  119. Число детских домов для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)
  120. Число специальных (коррекционных) школ-интернатов для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей – Единая межведомственная информационно-статистическая система (Official Russian Statistics Site)
  121. Azerbaijan Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  122. Kyrgyzstan Children's Work Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  123. Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  124. Photo: Vasiliy Artyushenko. "The parentless don't need cheap pity. Alla KOTLIAR, Yekaterina SHCHETKINA | Society |People". Mw.ua. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  125. "Ukraine's Jews walk narrow line between murderous past and uncertain future".
  126. Orphans and adoption: Ukrainian deadlock, UNIAN (26 October 2016)
  127. Albert Pavlov (translated from Russian by Anna Large) (21 March 2007). "A photoreport: "From Heart to Heart – 2": a trip to the rural orphanages of Zaporozhye region:: Zaporozhzhya orphans. Ukraine". Deti.zp.ua. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  128. Kyiv Children's Work Archived 18 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  129. Dnepropetrovsk Children's Work Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  130. Swain, Sherlee. "History of Adoption and Fostering in Australia by Sherlee Swain." History of Adoption and Fostering in Australia. Oxford University, 28 Jan. 2013. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.
  131. "Convention on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  132. "Unicef Fiji Statistics".
  133. "Report page 14 and 15 of actual report, not web page counter" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
  134. "orphanagefunds.org". orphanagefunds.org. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  135. "Laura M". Laura M. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  136. "casahogarjeruel.org". casahogarjeruel.org. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  137. "About Hope Children's Home". Hope International Ministries. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  138. Paul deHolczer (14 March 2014). "Are There Any Traditional Orphanages in the US?". Huffington Post. Oath Inc. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  139. "Orphanage – Adoption Encyclopedia". Encyclopedia.adoption.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  140. Silverman, Jacob (18 February 2007). "HowStuffWorks "Orphanages and Foster Care"". People.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  141. "The Children of Guatemala | BBC World Service". BBC. 28 October 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  142. "Orphaned Starfish". Orphaned Starfish.
  143. http://www.crin.org/docs/GHANA%20OVC%20NPA.pdf

There are no cited sources for the information on Japan.

Media related to Orphanages at Wikimedia Commons

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.