Pacifastin

Pacifastin is a family of serine proteinase inhibitors found in arthropods.[1][2] Pacifastin inhibits the serine peptidases trypsin and chymotrypsin.[3]

Pacifastin_I
solution structure of the small serine protease inhibitor sgci[l30r, k31m]
Identifiers
SymbolPacifastin_I
PfamPF05375
InterProIPR008037
SCOP21kgm / SCOPe / SUPFAM

All pacifastin members that have been characterized at the molecular level are precursor peptides composed of an N-terminal signal sequence followed by a precursor domain and a variable number of inhibitor domains. Each of these inhibitor domains carries a six-cysteine motif – see below.

The first family members to be identified were isolated from Locusta migratoria migratoria (migratory locust) which were HI, LMCI-1 (PMP-D2) and LMCI-2 (PMP-C).[4][5][6] A further five members, SGPI-1 to 5, were then isolated from Schistocerca gregaria (desert locust),[7][8] and a heterodimeric serine protease inhibitor was isolated from the haemolymph of Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signal crayfish), and named pacifastin.[9]

Function

Peptide proteinase inhibitors are in many cases synthesised as part of a larger precursor protein, referred to as a propeptide or zymogen, which remains inactive until the precursor domain is cleaved off in the lysosome, the precursor domain preventing access of the substrate to the active site until necessary. Proteinase inhibitors destined for secretion have an additional N-terminal signal-peptide domain which will be cleaved by a signal-peptidase. Removal of these one or two N-terminal inhibitor domains, either by interaction with a second peptidase or by autocatalytic cleavage, will activate the zymogen.[3]

Very little is known about the endogenous function of pacifastin-like inhibitors except that they may play roles in arthropod immunity and in regulation of the physiological processes involved in insect reproduction.[10]

Structure

The inhibitor unit of pacifastin is a conserved pattern of six cysteine residues (Cys1 – Xaa9–12 – Cys2 – Asn – Xaa – Cys3 – Xaa – Cys4 – Xaa2–3 – Gly – Xaa3–6 – Cys5 – Thr – Xaa3 – Cys6). Detailed analysis of the 3-D structure shows that these six residues form three disulfide bridges (Cys1–4, Cys2–6, Cys3–5), giving members of the pacifastin family a typical fold and remarkable stability.[11]

Pacifastin is a 155kDa protein composed of two covalently linked subunits, which are separately encoded. The heavy chain of pacifastin (105 kDa) is related to transferrins as it carries three transferrin lobes, two of which seem to be active in iron binding.[9] A number of the transferrin family members are also serine peptidases, and belong to MEROPS peptidase family S60 (INTERPRO). The light chain of pacifastin (44 kDa) is the proteinase inhibitory subunit, and consists of up to nine cysteine-rich inhibitory domains that are homologous to each other. The locust inhibitors share a conserved array of six residues with the pacifastin light chain. The structure of members of this family reveals that they consist of a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet connected by three disulphide bridges.[9]

This family of serine protease inhibitors belongs to MEROPS inhibitor family I19, clan IW. They inhibit chymotrypsin, a peptidase belong to the S1 family (INTERPRO).[1]

References
  1. Rawlings ND, Tolle DP, Barrett AJ (2004). "Evolutionary families of peptidase inhibitors". Biochem J. 378 (Pt 3): 705–16. doi:10.1042/BJ20031825. PMC 1224039. PMID 14705960.
  2. Breugelmans B, Simonet G, van Hoef V, Van Soest S, Vanden Broeck J (2009). "Pacifastin-related peptides: structural and functional characteristics of a family of serine peptidase inhibitors". Peptides. 30 (3): 622–32. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.07.026. PMID 18775459. S2CID 8797134.
  3. Parkinson NM, Conyers C, Keen J, MacNicoll A, Smith I, Audsley N, et al. (2004). "Towards a comprehensive view of the primary structure of venom proteins from the parasitoid wasp Pimpla hypochondriaca". Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 34 (6): 565–71. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.03.003. PMID 15147757.
  4. Boigegrain RA, Mattras H, Brehélin M, Paroutaud P, Coletti-Previero MA (December 1992). "Insect immunity: two proteinase inhibitors from hemolymph of Locusta migratoria". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189 (2): 790–3. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(92)92271-x. PMID 1472051.
  5. Nakakura N, Hietter H, Van Dorsselaer A, Luu B (February 1992). "Isolation and structural determination of three peptides from the insect Locusta migratoria. Identification of a deoxyhexose-linked peptide". Eur. J. Biochem. 204 (1): 147–53. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16617.x. PMID 1740125.
  6. Boigegrain RA, Pugnière M, Paroutaud P, Castro B, Brehélin M (February 2000). "Low molecular weight serine protease inhibitors from insects are proteins with highly conserved sequences". Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30 (2): 145–52. doi:10.1016/s0965-1748(99)00109-5. PMID 10696590.
  7. Hamdaoui A, Wataleb S, Devreese B, Chiou SJ, Vanden Broeck J, Van Beeumen J, De Loof A, Schoofs L (January 1998). "Purification and characterization of a group of five novel peptide serine protease inhibitors from ovaries of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria". FEBS Lett. 422 (1): 74–8. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01585-8. PMID 9475173. S2CID 35980008.
  8. Gáspári Z, Patthy A, Gráf L, Perczel A (January 2002). "Comparative structure analysis of proteinase inhibitors from the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria". Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (2): 527–37. doi:10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02685.x. PMID 11856311.
  9. Liang Z, Sottrup-Jensen L, Aspán A, Hall M, Söderhäll K (June 1997). "Pacifastin, a novel 155-kDa heterodimeric proteinase inhibitor containing a unique transferrin chain". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (13): 6682–7. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.6682L. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.13.6682. PMC 21218. PMID 9192625.
  10. Wang S, Cui Z, Liu Y, Li Q, Song C (2012). "The first homolog of pacifastin-related precursor in the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus): characterization and potential role in immune response to bacteria and fungi". Fish Shellfish Immunol. 32 (2): 331–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.025. PMID 22154999.
  11. Breugelmans B, Simonet G, van Hoef V, Van Soest S, Smagghe G, Vanden Broeck J (2009). "A lepidopteran pacifastin member: cloning, gene structure, recombinant production, transcript profiling and in vitro activity". Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 39 (7): 430–9. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.03.005. PMID 19364530.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR008037
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