Paraspecies

A paraspecies (a paraphyletic species) is a species, living or fossil, that gave rise to one or more daughter species without itself becoming extinct.[1] Geographically widespread species that have given rise to one or more daughter species as peripheral isolates without themselves becoming extinct (i.e. through peripatric speciation) are examples of paraspecies.[2]

Paraspecies are expected from evolutionary theory (Crisp and Chandler, 1996), and are empirical realities in many terrestrial and aquatic taxa.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

The evolution of the polar bear from the brown bear is a well-documented example of a living species that gave rise to another living species. [13][14] Another example of a living paraspecies is New Zealand's North Island tuatara Sphenodon punctatus, which gave rise to the Brothers Island tuatara Sphenodon guntheri.[15] A third example of a living paraspecies is Empidonax occidentalis, the Cordilleran flycatcher.[16][17]


See also
  • Cladogenesis
  • Anagenesis, also known as "phyletic change", where no branching event occurred (or is known to have occurred)

Notes and references
  1. James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (8 March 2011). Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780520268685. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  2. Ackery, P. R., and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 425 pp.
  3. Patton, J. L., and M. F. Smith. 1989. Population structure and the genetic and morphologic divergence among pocket gopher species (Genus Thomomys). Pp. 284-304 in: Speciation and its Consequences (D. Otte and J. A. Endler, eds.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
  4. Bell, M. A., and S. A. Foster. 1994. The Evolutionary Biology of the Threespine Stickleback. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  5. Crisp, M. D.; Chandler, G. T. (1996). "Paraphyletic species". Telopea. 6 (4): 813–844. doi:10.7751/telopea19963037.
  6. Funk, D. J.; Omland, K. E. (2003). "Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 34: 397–423. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421.
  7. Albert, J. S.; Crampton, W. G. R.; Thorsen, D. H.; Lovejoy, N. R. (2004). "Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotidae)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 2 (4): 375–417. doi:10.1017/s1477200004001574. S2CID 86550943.
  8. http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~jxa4003/Publications.html
  9. Turner, T. F.; McPhee, M. V.; Campbell, P.; Winemiller, K. O. (2004). "Phylogeography and intraspecific genetic variation of prochilodontid fishes endemic to rivers of northern South America". Journal of Fish Biology. 64: 186–201. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00299.x.
  10. Hoskin, C. J. (2007). "Description, biology and conservation of a new species of Australian tree frog (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) and an assessment of the remaining populations of Litoria genimaculata Horst, 1883: systematic and conservation implications of an unusual speciation event". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 91 (4): 549–563. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00805.x.
  11. Feinstein, J (2008). "Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the Black-browed Barbet species complex (Megalaima oorti)". Ibis. 150: 40–49. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00732.x.
  12. Lozier, J. D.; Foottit, R.; Miller, G.; Mills, N.; Roderick, G. (2008). "Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species". Zootaxa. 1688: 1–19. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1688.1.1.
  13. http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Polar_bears_related_to_extinct_Irish_bears,_DNA_study_shows
  14. Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Suchard, Marc A.; Lemey, Philippe; Welch, John J.; Barnes, Ian; Fulton, Tara L.; Barnett, Ross; O'Connell, Tamsin C.; Coxon, Peter; Monaghan, Nigel; Valdiosera, Cristina E.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Willerslev, Eske; Baryshnikov, Gennady F.; Rambaut, Andrew; Thomas, Mark G.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Shapiro, Beth (August 2011). "Ancient Hybridization and an Irish Origin for the Modern Polar Bear Matriline". Current Biology. 21 (15): 1251–1258. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.058. PMC 4677796. PMID 21737280.
  15. Lutz, Dick (2005). Tuatara: A Living Fossil. Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS. ISBN 978-0-931625-43-5.
  16. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/12/10/491688.full.pdf
  17. Linck, E., Epperly, K., van Els, P., Spellman, G.M., Bryson, R.W., Canales-del-Castillo, R., McCormack, J.E. and Klicka, J., 2018. Dense geographic and genomic sampling reveals paraphyly and a cryptic lineage in a classic sibling species complex. bioRxiv, p.491688
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.