Paul S. Martin

Paul S. Martin (born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, 1928 - died in Tucson, Arizona September 13, 2010[1]) was an American geoscientist at the University of Arizona who developed the theory that the Pleistocene extinction of large mammals worldwide was caused by overhunting by humans. Martin's work bridged the fields of ecology, anthropology, geosciences, and paleontology.

For the American archaeologist, see Paul Sidney Martin.
Paul Martin at Rampart Cave, home of the Shasta ground sloth in Grand Canyon, ca. 1975
Martin's visualisation of human assault on megafauna.

In 1953, Martin received his bachelor's degree in zoology from Cornell University. In 1953 and 1956 he completed his master's and doctorate programs at the University of Michigan and then proceeded with postdoctoral research at the Yale University and the University of Montreal. Martin's early interest embraced ornithology and herpetology and he conducted extensive fieldwork from 1948 to 1953 in Tamaulipas, Mexico.[2][3] He published biogeographys on the birds of the Sierra de Tamaulipas[4] and the herpetofauna of the Gómez Farias (= El Cielo) region of Tamaulipas,[5] the latter considered "a classic treatise in historical biogeography".[6] A case of polio, contracted while doing undergraduate field work in Mexico, forced Martin to rely on a cane, which restricted but did not end his field work.[7] He joined the faculty of the University of Arizona in 1957 and worked there until his retirement in 1989.[1]

Overkill hypothesis

Martin developed the theory known as “overkill” or the “blitzkrieg model”,[8] which, based on the ideas of Russian climatologist Mikhail I. Budyko,[9] relates the sudden demise of large mammal populations on different continents and at different times to the arrival of humans. He believed that as they migrated from Africa and Eurasia to Australia, the Americas, and the islands of the Pacific, humans rapidly hunted the large animals endemic to each continent to extinction. Martin particularly focused his research on North America, whose late Ice Age fauna rivaled that of Africa today.[10]

There, he theorized, around 11,000 years ago, newly arriving humans hunted North America's Ice Age large mammals, including ground sloths, camels, mammoths and mastodons, to extinction.[11] The theory, summarized in Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America (2005) has been widely discussed and remained controversial. Critic Michael Fosha wrote that although Martin attempted to discuss and debunk alternative explanations of the extinction, he did not adequately examine mainstream theories like changes in climate and vegetation. According to Fosha, Martin presented a vivid account of prehistoric people's assault on nature "with the efficiency of a German panzer division" but Fosha felt that his views on archaeology were inaccurate. However, Fosha wrote that the book presents "excellent data on the Southwest" and deserves serious attention for it.[12]

Martin sometimes faced criticism from archaeologists and paleontologists who claimed earlier dates for human arrival in the Americas or later dates for certain extinct animals than the overkill theory would suggest. Martin maintained that such claims were the result of faulty scientific analysis and pointed out that no such dates had yet been independently verified.[13]

Martin's over-hunting hypothesis is still controversial.[14] Several pre-Clovis sites are accepted by most workers, such as Topper, Monte Verde, Paisley Caves and others; dating of these is still controversial. New research has shown that in Siberia mammoths lived together with human beings for around 30,000 years, yet they became extinct only when the last glacial age ended.[15] In Madagascar, there are more studies that predates the human arrival in the isle of several millennia.[16]

Rewilding

Martin also championed the concept of Pleistocene rewilding in which extinct North American Pleistocene fauna could be restored by establishing breeding populations of surviving animals from other continents such as llamas, camels, lions and cheetahs and introducing populations of animals analogous to extinct species, i.e., elephants for mammoths.[17][18]

According to Vance Haynes, "unlike so many people who get infatuated with their own theories, he [Martin] spent his professional career inviting criticism. He put together two critical conferences about Pleistocene extinctions, and the volumes that came out of those were pace-setting."[1]

References
  1. Mari N. Jensen. Paul S. Martin, Pleistocene Extinctions Expert, Dies. University of Arizona. Retrieved 2010-09-17. Archived February 12, 2011, at WebCite
  2. Martin, Paul S. (1955). Herpetological Records from the Gómez Farias Region of Southwestern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Copeia 1955(3): 173-180.
  3. Martin, Paul S. (1955). Zonal Distribution of Vertebrates in a Mexican Cloud Forest. American Naturalist 89: 347-361.
  4. Martin, Paul S., C. Richard Robins, and William B. Heed. (1954). Birds and Biogeography of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, an Isolated Pine-Oak Habitat.The Wilson Bulletin.Vol. 66, No. 1: 38-57.
  5. Martin, Paul S. 1958. A Biogeography of Reptiles and Amphibians in the Gómez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, 101: 1-102.
  6. Adler, Kraig. (2012). Contributions to the History of Herpetology, Vol. III. Contributions to Herpetology Vol. 29. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 564 pp. ISBN 978-0-916984-82-3
  7. Alan Weisman, The World Without Us, p. 68, Picador, 2007
  8. Peter D. Ward, The Call of Distant Mammoths, p. 140, Copernicus, 1997
  9. M.I. Budyko. 1967. On the causes of the extinction of some animals at the end of the Pleistocene. Soviet geography 783- 793.
  10. Alan Weisman, The World Without Us, pp 68-83, Picador, 2007
  11. Amos Esty, Paul S. Martin. An interview with Paul S. Martin. Retrieved 2010-09-17. Archived February 12, 2011, at WebCite
  12. Michael Fosha (2006). Book Review of Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America by Paul S. Martin. Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Vol. 16 No.2, 2006. pp. 204-205. Archived February 12, 2011, at WebCite
  13. Martin, P. S. (2005). "Chapter 8. "Kill Sites, Sacred Sites"". Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520231412. OCLC 58055404. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
  14. MacPhee, Ross D. E. (2019). End of the Megafauna. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393249293.
  15. Mammuth and human sites in Siberia, last 40,000 years
  16. Gommery, Dominique (2011). "Les plus anciennes traces d'activités anthropiques de Madagascar sur des ossements d'hippopotames subfossiles d'Anjohibe (Province de Mahajanga)" [Oldest evidence of human activities in Madagascar on subfossil hippopotamus bones from Anjohibe (Mahajanga Province)]. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 10 (4): 271–278. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.01.006.
  17. Martin, P. S. (2005). "Chapter 10. "Restoration"". Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520231412. OCLC 58055404. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
  18. Alan Weisman, The World Without Us, p. 348, Picador, 2007
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