Persistent luminescence
Commonly referred as phosphorescence, persistent luminescence is the phenomenon encountered in materials which make them glow in the dark after the end of an excitation with UV or visible light.
Mechanism
The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood.[1] However, the phenomenon of persistent luminescence must not be mistaken for fluorescence and phosphorescence (see for definitions [2] and [3]). Indeed, in fluorescence, the lifetime of the excited state is in the order of a few nanoseconds and in phosphorescence, even if the lifetime of the emission can reach several seconds, the reason of the long emission is due to the deexcitation between two electronic states of different spin multiplicity. For persistent luminescence, it has been known for a long time that the phenomenon involved energy traps (such as electron or hole trap) in a material[4] which are filled during the excitation. After the end of the excitation, the stored energy is gradually released to emitter centers which emit light usually by a fluorescence-like mechanism.
Examples of use
Persistent luminescence materials are mainly used in safety signs, watch dials, decorative objects and toys. They have also been used as nanoprobes in small animal optical imaging.[5]
References
- T. Aitasalo, P. Deren, J. Hölsä, H. Jungner, J.C. Krupa, M. Lastusaari, J. Legendziewicz, J. Niittykoski, and W. Strek. Persistent luminescence phenomena in materials doped with rare earth ions. J. Solid State Chem., 171 :114, 2003.
- IUPAC Gold Book - fluorescence
- IUPAC Gold Book - phosphorescence
- H.W. Leverenz. Luminescent solids (phosphors). Science, 109 :183–189, 1949.
- Q. le Masne de Chermont, C. Chanéac, J. Seguin, F. Pellé, S. Maitrejean, J.P. Jolivet, D. Gourier, M. Bessodes and D. Scherman. Nanoprobes with near-infrared persistent luminescence for in vivo imaging. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104 :9266–9271 2007.