Picris
Picris (oxtongues) is a genus in the sunflower family described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753.[2]
| oxtongues | |
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| Picris hieracioides[1] | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
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| Genus: | Picris |
| Type species | |
| Picris hieracioides | |
| Synonyms[6] | |
Picris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the grass moth Diasemia reticularis. Schinia cardui feeds exclusively on P. hieracioides.
The genus is widespread across Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.[11][12][13]
Description
Erect annual to perennial taprooted herbs, mostly branching, stem and leaves bearing stiff bristly hairs, with rather large, usually corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers.[14][15]
Taxonomy
Taxonomic History
The genus Picris was first validly described by Linnaeus in 1753[2] with the genus being accepted by a number of secondary sources including Plants of the World Online.[16] Linnaeus initially described four species with P. hieracioides, P. echioides, P. pyrenaica and P. asplenioides.[2] In 1913, Britton and Brown proposed P. asplenioides as the type species for the genus.[14] Subsequently, in 1930, Hitchcock and Green alternatively proposed P. hieracioides as the type species.[17] The Hitchcock and Green proposal was adopted by Lack in 1975 and accepted by Jarvis in 1992.[18][19] Lack argued that Linnaeus never saw P. asplenioides which Linnaeus regarded as an obscure species and no specimen could be found in the Linnean Herbarium.[18] For this reason Lack concluded that P. hieracioides should be designated as the type species.[18]
In 1794, the German botanist Conrad Moench described the genus Medicusia and the species M. aspera.[8] This genus has not been accepted and is considered a synonym of Picris. M. aspera has also been determined to be a synonym of P. rhagadioloides.[20]
Etymology
Picris is from the Greek picros meaning bitter in reference to the bitter taste of some species in the Genus.[15][14]
Species
- Species[21]
- Picris albida
- Picris altissima
- Picris amalecitana
- Picris angustifolia
- Picris aspera
- Picris asplenioides
- Picris atlantica
- Picris babylonica
- Picris barbarorum
- Picris bracteatus
- Picris burbidgeae
- Picris campylocarpa
- Picris comosa
- Picris compacta
- Picris conyzoides
- Picris cupuligera
- Picris cyanocarpa
- Picris cyprica
- Picris cyrenaica
- Picris davurica
- Picris divaricata
- Picris drummondii
- Picris eichleri
- Picris evae
- Picris flexuosa
- Picris galilaea
- Picris helminthioides
- Picris hieracioides
- Picris hispanica
- Picris hispidissima
- Picris humilis
- Picris japonica
- Picris junnanensis
- Picris kotschyi
- Picris littoralis
- Picris longifolia
- Picris longirostris
- Picris macloviana
- Picris macrantha
- Picris macrorhiza
- Picris manginiana
- Picris morrisonensis
- Picris nigricans
- Picris nuristanica
- Picris ohwiana
- Picris olympica
- Picris pauciflora
- Picris pygmaea
- Picris racemosa
- Picris rhagadioloides
- Picris rivularis
- Picris sancta
- Picris scaberrima
- Picris scabra
- Picris senecioides
- Picris sinuata
- Picris spinosissima
- Picris squarrosa
- Picris strigosa
- Picris sulphurea
- Picris wagenitzii
- Picris willkommii
- Picris xylopoda
References
- 1885 illustration from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
- Linnaeus 1753, p. 792.
- "Picris". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Taxon 44: 611-612 (1995)
- Tropicos, Picris L.
- Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
- Schultz 1833, p. 725.
- Moench 1794, p. 536.
- Boissier 1849, p. 35.
- Shultz 1834, p. 479.
- Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 347 毛连菜属 mao lian cai shu Picris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 792. 1753.
- Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Picris
- Atlas of Living Australia, search for Picris
- Britton & Brown 1913, p. 311.
- Holzapfel 2015, p. 143.
- Kew Science Plants of the World Online, retrieved 19 July 2020
- Hitchcock & Green 1930, p. 177.
- Lack 1975.
- Jarvis 1992.
- Compositae Database 2020.
- The Plant List search for Picris
Bibliography
- Boissier, Edmond (1849). Diagnoses plantarum Orientalium novarum. 1. 11.
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord; Brown, Addison (1913). An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. 3 (2 ed.). New York: Scribner.
- Compositae Working Group (CWG) (2020). "Compositae Database". Compositae Working Group (CWG). doi:10.14284/411. Retrieved July 22, 2020. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - Hitchcock, A. S.; Green, M. L. (1929). "IV.-Proposal by A.S. Hitchcock (Washington) and M.L. Green (Kew).". International Botanical Congress, Cambridge (England) 1930. London: Printed under the authority of His Majesty's Stationery Office, by Wyman & sons, Ltd., Fetter Lane, London. pp. 111–199.
- Jarvis, C.E. (August 1992). Nicolson, Dan H. (ed.). "Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names". Taxon. 41 (3): 552–583. doi:10.2307/1222833. JSTOR 1222833. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
- Lack, H. Walter (February 1975). "Type Specimens of the Linnaean Species of Picris L. (Compositae)". Taxon. 24 (1): 113–116. doi:10.2307/1219007. JSTOR 1219007.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species plantarum : exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas, cum diferentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas (in Latin). 2. Berlin: Junk.
- Moench, Conrad (1794). Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis :a staminum situ describendi (in Latin). 2. Marburgi Cattorum: in officina nova libraria academiae.
- Holzapfel, S. (2015). Flora of Australia (PDF). Mantisalca. 37. Melbourne: ABRS/CSIRO.
- Schultz, Carl Heinrich `Bipontinus' (1833). Flora oder Botanische Zeitung :welche Recensionen, Abhandlungen, Aufsätze, Neuigkeiten und Nachrichten, die Botanik betreffend, enthält (in Latin and German). 16. Regensburg: Die Gesellschaft.
- Schultz, Carl Heinrich `Bipontinus' (1834). Flora oder Botanische Zeitung :welche Recensionen, Abhandlungen, Aufsätze, Neuigkeiten und Nachrichten, die Botanik betreffend, enthält (in Latin and German). 17. Regensburg: Die Gesellschaft.