Pingshui Yun

Pingshui Rhyming Scheme (Chinese: 平水韻; pinyin: Píngshǔi Yùn; lit. 'Level Water Rhyme') is a rhyming system of the Middle Chinese language. Compiled in the Jin Dynasty, Pingshui Yun is one of the most popular rhyming system in Chinese poetry after Tang Dynasty and the official standard in later dynasties.[1][2]

History

Pingshui Yun possibly originated as an abridged version of the rhyme dictionary Guangyun, whose 206-rhyme system was criticized for being overly restrictive.[3] The system was traditionally attributed to Song Dynasty scholar Liu Yuan (劉淵), whose 1252 work Renzi Xinkan Libu Yunlüe (壬子新刊禮部韻略) divided common Chinese characters in poetry into 107 rhyme categories. However, in 1223, Xinkan Yunlüe (新刊韻略) was already published by Wang Wenyu (王文鬱) of Jin Dynasty. The latter's contents was almost identical to Renzi Xinkan Libu Yunlüe, with the only difference being that Liu's book splits the rhyme category 迥 into two.[4] A book unearthed from Mogao Caves named Paizi Yun (排字韻) implies that the system was already widely circulated at the time.[5]

Both works have since been lost. In Yuan Dynasty, Yunfu Qunyu by Yin Shifu (陰時夫) first named the 106-category version as Pingshui Yun. Origin of the name "Pingshui" is unclear. Traditionally, it is believed that Pingshui refers to Liu Yuan's hometown in modern Linfen, Shanxi. Alternatively, "Pingshui" may refer to a government post in charge of tax for fishing.[6]

In Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Pingshui Yun system was highly influential as the Yunfu Qunyu version served as the official standard in the Imperial Examinations.[7][8] Although modern Chinese phonology has become significantly different from Middle Chinese, the system is still being used by some poets today.[2]

Rhyme Categories

The following chart lists all 106 rhyme groups of the Pingshui Yun system and the modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation of the representative characters.[9]

Pingshui rhyme groups by tone
平 level上 rising去 departing入 entering
東 dōng董 dǒng送 sòng屋 wū
冬 dōng腫 zhǒng宋 sòng沃 wò
江 jiāng講 jiǎng絳 jiàng覺 jué
支 zhī紙 zhǐ寘 zhì
微 wēi尾 wěi未 wèi
魚 yú語 yǔ御 yù
虞 yú麌 yǔ遇 yù
齊 qí薺 jì霽 jì
泰 tài
佳 jiā蟹 xiè卦 guà
灰 huī賄 huì隊 duì
真 zhēn軫 zhěn震 zhèn質 zhì
文 wén吻 wěn問 wèn物 wù
元 yuán阮 ruǎn願 yuàn月 yuè
寒 hán旱 hàn翰 hàn曷 hé
刪 shān潸 shān諫 jiàn鎋 xiá
先 xiān銑 xiǎn霰 xiàn屑 xiè
蕭 xiāo篠 xiǎo嘯 xiào
肴 yáo巧 qiǎo效 xiào
豪 háo晧 hào號 hào
歌 gē哿 gě箇 gè
麻 má馬 mǎ禡 mà
陽 yáng養 yǎng漾 yàng藥 yào
庚 gēng梗 gěng映 yìng陌 mò
青 qīng迥 jiǒng徑 jìng錫 xī
蒸 zhēng職 zhí
尤 yóu有 yǒu宥 yòu
侵 qīn寑 qǐn沁 qìn緝 qì
覃 tán感 gǎn勘 kàn合 hé
鹽 yán琰 yǎn豔 yàn葉 yè
咸 xián豏 xiàn陷 xiàn洽 qià

References
  1. Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008), Chinese lexicography: a history from 1046 BC to AD 1911, Oxford University Press, p. 324, ISBN 978-0-19-156167-2.
  2. Hartmann, R.R.K. (2003). Lexicography: Reference works across time, space and languages. London: Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 9780415253659.
  3. Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 139, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8.
  4. 涂宗涛 (2010). ""平水韵"之"平水"解". 苹楼夕照集 (in Chinese). 山西古籍出版社. ISBN 9787805982168.
  5. Takata, Tokio (2004). "莫高窟北區石窟發現《排字韻》箚記" (PDF). Journal of Dunhuang Studies (in Chinese) (25).
  6. Wang, Li (1980). 音韵学初步 (in Chinese). Beijing: Commercial Press. p. 23. ISBN 9789620740060.
  7. 元史论丛·第九卷. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 2004. p. 110. ISBN 9787504342256.
  8. 李新魁 (1979). 古音槪说. 广东人民出版社. p. 77.
  9. Creamer, Thomas B.I. (1991), "Chinese lexicography", in Hausmann, Franz Josef (ed.), Wörterbücher: ein internationales Handbuch zur Lexikographie, 3, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p. 2609, ISBN 978-3-11-012421-7.
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