Pish

A pish is an imitated bird call (usually a scold or alarm call) used by birders and ornithologists to attract birds (generally passerines).[1] The action of making the sound is known as pishing or spishing.[2] This technique is used by scientists to increase the effectiveness of bird diversity surveys, and by birders to attract species that they might not otherwise see.

This article is about the sound used to attract wild birds. For the illegal attempt to gather personal computer information, see Phishing.

Pishing is used most effectively in the Holarctic, where it is thought to work due to its similarity to the scold calls of tits and chickadees (birds in the family Paridae). These scold calls, a form of mobbing behaviour, attract other birds which come in to establish the nature of the potential threat. Acoustical analysis of pishing calls and the mobbing calls of tits shows that they share a frequency metric not used by other birds. Not surprisingly, pishing has little effect on birds in those parts of the world without tits or chickadees.[3]

Another study noted that only passerine are attracted by pishing. Apart from the mobbing call hypothesis, it has also been suggested that pishing may be treated as an invitation to join a "mixed-species foraging flock" and birds do not themselves vocalize or show aggressive behaviour. The same study noted that pishing did not work in the old-world tropics and suggested that it may be due to the lower densities of migrants.[4]

Pishing has also been found to work effectively in Southern Africa (imitating a call of the rattling cisticola). It also works effectively in Australia where, despite the absence of any members of the Paridae, a number of passerine species can be attracted. Some birders in Australia use a variant of pishing called "squeaking" (making a kissing sound through pursed lips or against the back of one's hand) to which white-eared honeyeaters, several species of whistlers and grey fantails show an initial response and in turn attract other species.

Because pishing or squeaking disrupts the natural behaviour of a bird, birding organisations consider it unethical to make excessive use of this method of attracting birds. Such organisations recommend that, once the bird has been viewed, the birder cease pishing and allow the bird to return to its natural behaviour.[5]

References
  1. Zimmerling, JR; Ankney, CD (2000). "A technique that increases detectability of passerine species during point counts" (Abstract). Journal of Field Ornithology. 71 (4): 638–649. doi:10.1648/0273-8570(2000)071[0638:ATTIDO]2.0.CO;2.
  2. Bauer, H. G. (1989). "Spishing and white noise induce mobbing in Passerine birds: A field experiment". Die Vogelwarte. 35: 49–58.
  3. Langham, GM; Contreras TA; Sieving KE (2006). "Why pishing works: Titmouse (Paridae) scolds elicit a generalized response in bird communities" (PDF). Ecoscience. 13 (4): 485–496. doi:10.2980/1195-6860(2006)13[485:WPWTPS]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
  4. Smith, N. G. (April 1975). ""Spshing Noise": Biological Significance of Its Attraction and Nonattraction by Birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 72 (4): 1411–1414. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.4.1411. PMC 432544. PMID 16592238.
  5. Zimmerling, Ryan (Fall 2005). "Bringing in the Birds" (Full text). Birdwatch Canada. 3: 10–12.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.