Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The measure consists of 19 individual items, creating 7 components that produce one global score, and takes 5–10 minutes to complete.[1] Developed by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh,[2] the PSQI is intended to be a standardized sleep questionnaire for clinicians and researchers to use with ease and is used for multiple populations. The questionnaire has been used in many settings, including research and clinical activities, and has been used in the diagnosis of sleep disorders. Clinical studies have found the PSQI to be reliable and valid in the assessment of sleep problems to some degree, but more so with self-reported sleep problems and depression-related symptoms than actigraphic measures.[3]

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Purposeassess sleep quality over 1 month
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Development and history

The PSQI was developed in 1988, by Buysse and his colleagues, to create a standardized measure designed to gather consistent information about the subjective nature of people's sleep habits and provide a clear index that both clinicians and patients can use.[1][4][5] It gained popularity as a measure that could be used in research that looks at how sleep might be associated with sleep disorders, depression, and bipolar disorder.

Scoring and interpretation

Consisting of 19 items, the PSQI measures several different aspects of sleep, offering seven component scores and one composite score. The component scores consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (i.e., how long it takes to fall asleep), sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency (i.e., the percentage of time in bed that one is asleep), sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction.

Each item is weighted on a 0–3 interval scale. The global PSQI score is then calculated by totaling the seven component scores, providing an overall score ranging from 0 to 21, where lower scores denote a healthier sleep quality.

Traditionally, the items from the PSQI have been summed to create a total score to measure overall sleep quality. Statistical analyses also support looking at three factors, which include sleep efficiency (using sleep duration and sleep efficiency variables), perceived sleep quality (using subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep medication variables), and daily disturbances (using sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunctions variables).[6][7]

Reliability
Evaluation of norms and reliability for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index*
Criterion Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) Explanation with references
Norms TBD TBD
Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha, split half, etc.) Adequate A meta-analysis showed that nine studies contained Cronbach's alpha coefficients greater than or equal to 0.70.[4]
Inter-rater reliability TBD The PSQI is a relatively new assessment. Not enough research has been conducted on inter-rater reliability to give a comprehensive rating.
Test-retest reliability Adequate Two of the studies reported the intraclass correlation coefficient of greater than or equal to 0.70 over a period of several weeks.
Test-repeatability TBD Like inter-rater reliability, limited research is available on test-repeatability.

*Table from Youngstrom et al., extending Hunsley & Mash, 2008[8]

Validity
Evaluation of validity and utility for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index*
Criterion Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) Explanation with references
Content validity Adequate The PSQI’s seven component scores concern multiple sleep quality aspects.[4]
Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) Good Measure shows strong correlation with related sleep constructs[4][9][10] and poor correlation with unrelated constructs.[11]
Discriminative validity Good Comparisons of PSQI scores between poor and good sleepers show significant differences in scores.
Validity generalization TBD PSQI has been used in multiple non-clinical populations, but two people with the same sleep quality rating may have different symptoms.[4]
Treatment sensitivity TBD The original study showed a sensitivity of 89.6%, but not enough research has been conducted to determine sensitivity across multiple studies.[1]
Clinical utility TBD TBD

*Table from Youngstrom et al., extending Hunsley & Mash, 2008[8]

Impact

The PSQI now is used by researchers working with people from adolescence to late life. The PSQI is recommended in independent reviews because it has accumulated a substantial amount of research evidence.[4] In addition to the measure's promising reliability and validity, its brevity and accessibility as a free measure allow the measure great potential for clinical practice.[4] To date, it has been translated into 56 languages.[2]

Limitations

The PSQI suffers from the same problems as other self-report inventories in that scores can be easily exaggerated or minimized by the person completing them. Like all questionnaires, the way the instrument is administered can have an effect on the final score. The PSQI is a relatively new measure and as a result has not received enough investigation to determine the entirety of the psychometric measures.[4]

See also

References
  1. Buysse, Daniel J.; Reynolds, Charles F.; Monk, Timothy H.; Berman, Susan R.; Kupfer, David J. (May 1989). "The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research". Psychiatry Research. 28 (2): 193–213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4. PMID 2748771.
  2. "Instruments: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)". University of Pittsburgh Sleep Medicine Institute. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  3. Grandner, MA; Kripke, DF; Yoon, IY; Youngstedt, SD (June 2006). "Criterion validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: Investigation in a non-clinical sample". Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 4 (2): 129–139. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00207.x. PMC 3399671. PMID 22822303.
  4. Mollayeva, T; Thurairajah, P; Burton, K; Mollayeva, S; Shapiro, CM; Colantonio, A (17 February 2015). "The Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 25: 52–73. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.009. PMID 26163057.
  5. Currie, S.R. (2008). "Sleep Disorders". In Hunsley, John; Mash, Eric (eds.). A Guide to Assessments that Work. New York, NY: Oxford Press. pp. 535–550. ISBN 978-0195310641.
  6. Tomfohr, LM; Schweizer, CA; Dimsdale, JE; Loredo, JS (15 January 2013). "Psychometric characteristics of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in English speaking non-Hispanic whites and English and Spanish speaking Hispanics of Mexican descent". Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 9 (1): 61–6. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2342. PMC 3525990. PMID 23319906.
  7. Cole, J.C.; Motivala, S.J.; Buysse, D.J.; Oxman, M.N.; Levin, M.J.; Irwin, M.R. (2006). "Validation of a 3-factor scoring model for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in older adults". Sleep-New York then Westchester. 29 (1): 112–116. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.1.112.
  8. Hunsley, John; Mash, Eric (2008). A Guide to Assessments that Work. New York, NY: Oxford Press. pp. 1–696. ISBN 978-0195310641.
  9. MORIN, C; LEBLANC, M; DALEY, M; GREGOIRE, J; MERETTE, C (2006). "Epidemiology of insomnia: Prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors". Sleep Medicine. 7 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2005.08.008. PMID 16459140.
  10. Nicassio, Perry M.; Ormseth, Sarah R.; Custodio, Mara K.; Olmstead, Richard; Weisman, Michael H.; Irwin, Michael R. (2014-01-02). "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients". Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 12 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1080/15402002.2012.720315. ISSN 1540-2002. PMC 4285368. PMID 23390921.
  11. Bush, Amber L.; Armento, Maria E.A.; Weiss, Brandon J.; Rhoades, Howard M.; Novy, Diane M.; Wilson, Nancy L.; Kunik, Mark E.; Stanley, Melinda A. (2012). "The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in older primary care patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometrics and outcomes following cognitive behavioral therapy". Psychiatry Research. 199 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.045. PMC 3401329. PMID 22503380.
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