Portable oxygen concentrator

Medical oxygen concentrators were developed in the late 1970s. Early manufacturers included Union Carbide and Bendix Corporation[1]. They were initially conceived of as a method of providing a continuous source of home oxygen without the use of heavy tanks and frequent deliveries.[2] Beginning in the 2000s, manufacturers developed portable versions.[3] Since their initial development, reliability has been improved, and POCs now produce between one and six liters per minute (LPM) of oxygen depending the breathing rate of the patient.[4] The latest models of intermittent flow only products weighed in the range of from 2.8 to 9.9 pounds (1.3 to 4.5 kg) and continuous flow (CF) units were between 10 and 20 pounds (4.5 to 9.0 kg).[5][6]

POCs operate on the same principle as a home concentrator, pressure swing adsorption.[7] The basic set up of a POC is a miniaturized air compressor, a cylinder filled containing the sieve, a pressure equalizing reservoir and valves and tubes.

During the first half of the first cycle the internal compressor forces this air through a system of chemical filters known as a molecular sieve. This filter is made up of silicate granules called zeolite which attract (via adsorption) nitrogen molecules onto their surfaces more strongly than they attract oxygen molecules – this takes the nitrogen out of the air and concentrates the oxygen. When the desired purity is reached and the first cylinder reaches roughly 20 psi the oxygen and small amounts of other gases are released into the pressure equalizing reservoir. As the pressure in the first cylinder drops the nitrogen is desorbed, the valve is closed, and the gas is vented into the ambient air. Most of the oxygen produced is delivered to the patient; part is fed back into the sieves (at greatly reduced pressure) to flush away left over nitrogen, and prepare the zeolite for the next cycle.[8][9][10][11] The atmosphere contains around 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen; the 1% remainder is a mixture of other gases which pass through this process. A POC system is functionally a nitrogen scrubber capable of consistently producing medical-grade oxygen of up to 90%.[11]

A Zen-O portable oxygen concentrator; it is capable of pulse and continuous flow operation

The most important consideration for a POC is its ability to supply adequate supplementary oxygen to relieve hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) during normal activities and based on the patients breathing cycles.[12][13] Other variables include maximum oxygen purity, the number and increment of settings for adjusting oxygen flow, and battery capacity (or number of add-on batteries) and power cord options for recharging.

Medical:

Allows patients to utilize oxygen therapy 24/7 and reduce mortality as much 1.94 times less than for just overnight use.[15][16]

A Canadian study in 1999 concluded that an OC installation compliant to the proper regulations provides a safe, reliable, cost efficient primary hospital source of oxygen.[17]

Helps improve exercise tolerance, by allowing the user to exercise longer.[18]

Helps increase stamina throughout day-to-day activities.[19]

A POC is a safer option than carrying around an oxygen tank since it makes the purer gas on demand.[20]

POC units are consistently smaller and lighter than tank-based systems and can provide a longer supply of oxygen.[6][5]

Commercial:

Glass blowing industry[21]

Skin care[22]

Non-pressurized aircraft[23]

Nightclub oxygen bars[24] although doctors and the FDA have expressed some concern with this.[25]

On 13 May 2009, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) ruled that air carriers conducting passenger flights of greater capacity than 19 seats, must allow travelers with a disability to use an FAA-approved POC. The DOT rules have been adopted by many international airlines. A list of POCs approved for air travel is on the FAA website.[26]

On-demand units are not advised for patients that experience oxygen desaturation due to sleep apnea, and a CPAP mask is generally advised for them.[14] For patients whose desaturation is due to shallow breathing, the nighttime use of POCs is a useful therapy.[15] Especially with the advent of alarms and technology that detects a patient's slower breathing during sleep and adjusts the flow or bolus size accordingly.[27]

• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
• Oxygen bar – An establishment that sells oxygen for on-site recreational use
• Oxygen concentrator – A device which removes nitrogen from air