Push–pull perfusion

Push–pull perfusion is an in vivo sampling method most commonly used for measuring neurotransmitters in the brain. Developed by J.H. Gaddum in 1960,[1] this technique replaced the cortical cup technique for observing neurotransmitters. The advent of concentric microdialysis probes in the 1980s resulted in push-pull sampling falling out of favor, as such probes require less monitoring, and are less invasive than the higher flow rate push-pull probes (>10 microliter/min), which could result in lesions if flow is unbalanced.[2]

With the advent of microfluidics and miniaturized probes, low-flow push–pull sampling was developed in 2002.[3] By using flow rates of ~50 nL/min, this technique minimizes tissue damage while providing finer spatial resolution than microdialysis sampling.

References
  1. Gaddum, J.H. (1961). "Push-pull cannulae". Journal of Physiology. 155 (1): 1P–2P.
  2. Myers, R.D.; Adell, A.; Lankford, M.F. (1998). "Simultaneous comparison of cerebral dialysis and push-pull perfusion in the brain of rats: a critical review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 22 (3): 371–387. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00025-0. PMID 9579326. S2CID 36994607.
  3. Kottegoda, Sumith; Shaik, Imtiazuddin; Shippy, Scott A. (2002). "Demonstration of low flow push-pull perfusion". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 121 (1): 93–101. doi:10.1016/S0165-0270(02)00245-5. PMID 12393165. S2CID 23666332.
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