q-derivative

The q-derivative of a function f(x) is defined as[1][2][3]

${\displaystyle \left({\frac {d}{dx}}\right)_{q}f(x)={\frac {f(qx)-f(x)}{qx-x}}.}$

It is also often written as ${\displaystyle D_{q}f(x)}$. The q-derivative is also known as the Jackson derivative.

Formally, in terms of Lagrange's shift operator in logarithmic variables, it amounts to the operator

${\displaystyle D_{q}={\frac {1}{x}}~{\frac {q^{d~~~ \over d(\ln x)}-1}{q-1}}~,}$

which goes to the plain derivative ${\displaystyle \to {\frac {d}{dx}}}$ as ${\displaystyle q\to 1}$.

It is manifestly linear,

${\displaystyle \displaystyle D_{q}(f(x)+g(x))=D_{q}f(x)+D_{q}g(x)~.}$

It has product rule analogous to the ordinary derivative product rule, with two equivalent forms

${\displaystyle \displaystyle D_{q}(f(x)g(x))=g(x)D_{q}f(x)+f(qx)D_{q}g(x)=g(qx)D_{q}f(x)+f(x)D_{q}g(x).}$

Similarly, it satisfies a quotient rule,

${\displaystyle \displaystyle D_{q}(f(x)/g(x))={\frac {g(x)D_{q}f(x)-f(x)D_{q}g(x)}{g(qx)g(x)}},\quad g(x)g(qx)\neq 0.}$

There is also a rule similar to the chain rule for ordinary derivatives. Let ${\displaystyle g(x)=cx^{k}}$. Then

${\displaystyle \displaystyle D_{q}f(g(x))=D_{q^{k}}(f)(g(x))D_{q}(g)(x).}$

The eigenfunction of the q-derivative is the q-exponential e_q(x).

Q-differentiation resembles ordinary differentiation, with curious differences. For example, the q-derivative of the monomial is:[2]

${\displaystyle \left({\frac {d}{dz}}\right)_{q}z^{n}={\frac {1-q^{n}}{1-q}}z^{n-1}=[n]_{q}z^{n-1}}$

where ${\displaystyle [n]_{q}}$ is the q-bracket of n. Note that ${\displaystyle \lim _{q\to 1}[n]_{q}=n}$ so the ordinary derivative is regained in this limit.

The n-th q-derivative of a function may be given as:[3]

${\displaystyle (D_{q}^{n}f)(0)={\frac {f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}}{\frac {(q;q)_{n}}{(1-q)^{n}}}={\frac {f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}}[n]_{q}!}$

provided that the ordinary n-th derivative of f exists at x = 0. Here, ${\displaystyle (q;q)_{n}}$ is the q-Pochhammer symbol, and ${\displaystyle [n]_{q}!}$ is the q-factorial. If ${\displaystyle f(x)}$ is analytic we can apply the Taylor formula to the definition of ${\displaystyle D_{q}(f(x))}$ to get

${\displaystyle \displaystyle D_{q}(f(x))=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(q-1)^{k}}{(k+1)!}}x^{k}f^{(k+1)}(x).}$

A q-analog of the Taylor expansion of a function about zero follows:[2]

${\displaystyle f(z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }f^{(n)}(0)\,{\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(D_{q}^{n}f)(0)\,{\frac {z^{n}}{[n]_{q}!}}.}$

Th following representation for higher order ${\displaystyle q}$-derivatives is known:[4][5]

${\displaystyle D_{q}^{n}f(x)={\frac {1}{(1-q)^{n}x^{n}}}\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}{\binom {n}{k}}_{q}q^{{\binom {k}{2}}-(n-1)k}f(q^{k}x).}$

${\displaystyle {\binom {n}{k}}_{q}}$ is the ${\displaystyle q}$-binomial coefficient. By changing the order of summation as ${\displaystyle r=n-k}$, we obtain the next formula:[4][6]

${\displaystyle D_{q}^{n}f(x)={\frac {(-1)^{n}q^{-{\binom {n}{2}}}}{(1-q)^{n}x^{n}}}\sum _{r=0}^{n}(-1)^{r}{\binom {n}{r}}_{q}q^{\binom {r}{2}}f(q^{n-r}x).}$

Higher order ${\displaystyle q}$-derivatives are used to ${\displaystyle q}$-Taylor formula and the ${\displaystyle q}$-Rodrigues' formula (the formula used to construct ${\displaystyle q}$-orthogonal polynomials[4]).

• Derivative (generalizations)
• Jackson integral
• Q-exponential
• Q-difference polynomials
• Quantum calculus
• Tsallis entropy

• Exton, H. (1983), ${\displaystyle q}$-Hypergeometric Functions and Applications, New York: Halstead Press, Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1983, ISBN 0853124914, ISBN 0470274530, ISBN 978-0470274538
• Chung, K. S., Chung, W. S., Nam, S. T., & Kang, H. J. (1994). New ${\displaystyle q}$-derivative and ${\displaystyle q}$-logarithm. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 33, 2019-2029.

• J. Koekoek, R. Koekoek, A note on the q-derivative operator, (1999) ArXiv math/9908140
• Thomas Ernst, The History of q-Calculus and a new method,(2001),