Quercus rotundifolia

Inflorescence

Quercus rotundifolia is a medium to large tree, usually 8–12 m (26–39 ft) in height, but can reach up to 15 m (49 ft) with a large, dense, rounded canopy. It has small, leathery, dark-green leaves with a glaucous, densely pubescent underside usually suborbicular to elliptical or lanceolate and are generally spiny to dentate on a younger tree.[6][7][8] It has a semi-hemispheric cupule.[8]

It flower from February to April.[9] Seedlings will start flowering at about 8 years old, but they will not start producing acorns until 15 to 20 years old, although trees in humid, good quality soils can start its production as early as 10 years.[7] The acorns ripen in autumn, about 6 months after pollination.[7]

It is a very resilient tree that can survive temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F), and can live in conditions with temperatures that on occasion reach 47 °C (117 °F) during summer months.[5]

As opposed to Quercus ilex, its acorns have a very low level of bitter tannins and as a result are generally sweet and a good energy source for livestock.[7]

The tree is often seen on savanna biomes typical of Alentejo (seen here) and Extremadura

Quercus rotundifolia is native to most of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), but is also distributed throughout Morocco, especially in the Atlas Mountains, Algeria, Tunisia, southern France (Languedoc-Roussillon) and the Balearic Islands. It is present in continental, sub-continental or littoral Mediterranean areas but always in climatic conditions determined by a fairly hot and dry summer,[6] which excludes the wet, oceanic influenced climate of Green Spain and northwest Portugal, but wet winters as the tree is absent from arid climates, or with no real wet months like southeast Spain.[6] It grows in a variety of soils and is indifferent to edaphic conditions, persisting in soils with pH 6 to 8.[1] The tree is also associated in holm oak/Atlas cedar forests of the Atlas Mountains. In Morocco, some of these mixed forests are habitat to the endangered Barbary macaque.[10]

The tree inhabits dense oak forests to open oak forests or sub-savanna ecosystems, from sea level up to 1,900 m (6,200 ft) a.s.l..[1] It can live in all altitudes in Portugal, switching with Quercus suber.[8] The grasses and herbs support low-density mixed animal grazing at the wetter time of year, and when the grasses die out in summer the acorns from the oak trees (at densities of 30 to 50 trees per hectare), plus oak foliage and some saved crops support the animals until the grasses return.[7] It can tolerate frost and short periods of light snow.[7]

Dead holm oak, Mértola

This species is threatened by the destruction of its habitat to make way for agriculture and to plant vineyards, pine or eucalyptus plantations.[1][8] Like other perennial oaks in the Iberian Peninsula, Quercus rotundifolia is also affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi, that is becoming more dangerous due to the increased frequency and duration of droughts associated with climate changes and especially in Portugal, a decline for the taxa has been reported.[1][7] The tree is also affected by wildfires,[1] though it regenerates well from resprouts after it.[7] The leaves are also eaten by case moth caterpillars, but the tree is not particularly theatened by them.[7] In New Zealand, the caterpillar of the puriri moth has also been observed to feed on the tree's bark.[7] The tree is notably resistant to honey fungus.[11]

The holm oak, along with the cork oak is a protected tree by law in Portugal.[12]

Black Iberian pigs foraging on Q. rotundifolia

The holm oak's wood is traditionally used to make charcoal. The acorns can be consumed both by animals and humans. The bark is rich in tannin components for traditional medicinal uses.[1][7] Quercus rotundifolia is also used as a host plant for the production of both the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) and the summer truffle (Tuber aestivum var aestivum).[7]

The tree's acorns have been used by humans since the Neolithic era. The inhabitants of the southern Iberian Peninsula 9,000 years ago collected acorns of Q. rotundifolia in autumn (November), gently toasted them in order to preserve them throughout the year, ground them in manual granite mills, and ingested the flour in soups or breads.[5]

The holm oak in the Sanctuary of Fátima is a tree of public interest in Portugal

It was above a Quercus rotundifolia where the supposed Marian apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, reported by Francisco, Jacinta and Lúcia, took place. The tree disappeared, but other Quercus rotundifolia near the site persist till this day, one of them is a tree of public interest.[13]

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  Large oaks in La Torre
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  Acorns
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  Q. rotundifolia germinating
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  Rough aspect of the trunk, commonly seen in older trees
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  Q. rotundifolia forest in Valinhos, Fátima