Rakoto Frah

Philibert Rabezoza was born in 1923[1] in Ankadinandriana, a suburb of Antananarivo.[2] His mother was born in Antananarivo[1] and his father, a herdsman and farmer[2] from Fianarantsoa,[1] had previously been a singer at the Merina royal court before the colonization of Madagascar in 1897.[3][4] Both of Philibert's parents were already aged at the time of his birth and they struggled to care for their new son[4] alongside his six brothers and four sisters.[1] As a child, Philibert assisted his family with looking after the livestock and farming their plot of land.[4] In his early years he was given the nickname Rakoto by an older brother of the same name.[5]

Like many residents of the rural areas in central Madagascar at that time, Rakoto's brothers played the sodina,[1] an end-blown tube traditionally made of bamboo[6] or reed[4] with three or six finger holes and a thumb hole down its length.[6] One of the oldest and most iconic musical instruments in Madagascar, it is believed to have arrived on the island with the earliest settlers from Borneo around 2,000 years ago and remains widespread throughout the central highlands.[7] Young Rakoto began playing the sodina when he was seven years old.[4] He honed his skills by listening to village elders' sodina performances, and three years later[1] the boy formed a small musical group called Ambohijatobe that performed locally at traditional festivities.[2] During this period Rakoto had the opportunity to participate in a community musical competition. His competitors, who performed on accordions and guitars, threw stones at Rakoto when he stepped forward to perform on the sodina. Despite being struck in the face he completed his performance and was awarded first prize.[4] In 1935 he was nominated by the local governor to represent his district in a national musical competition organized by the French colonial authority at Mahamasina stadium in Antananarivo.[1] That same year Rakoto was orphaned at the age of 12, preventing him from further pursuing an education in the interest of earning a livelihood.[4] A Frenchman hired the boy to work as an assistant baker until he came of age. Upon reaching adulthood, Rakoto left the bakery to become a metalworker[1] while continuing to perform on the sodina in musical ensembles.[4]

Rakoto's opportunity for national fame arrived with the 1958 visit of French President Charles de Gaulle to Madagascar.[1] The visit was in conjunction with the dissolution of colonial status and naming of Philibert Tsiranana as Prime Minister, part of the island's transition to full independence in 1960.[8] Tsiranana had previously seen the flutist perform and invited Rakoto and his group of 18 musicians to accompany de Gaulle and perform traditional pieces during a portion of the French statesman's walking tour through the capital city of Antananarivo. Following this performance, Rakoto dedicated himself full-time to a career in music, performing regularly at traditional celebrations on the island.[1] Tsiranana, who became president of Madagascar two years later, was the first to refer to the artist as Rakoto Frah, the name that the musician would use for the rest of his career.[5]

International recognition of Rakoto Frah and his performance of traditional sodina music began with his first overseas voyage to Algeria in 1967. The artist led a troupe of 18 Malagasy musicians selected to represent the island's various ethnic groups at the International Festival of Algiers. Among the 80 competitors hailing from a variety of countries, Rakoto Frah's troupe won the gold medal. This success was followed by performances in Japan, England, the United States, India, Germany, China, Norway, Finland, Australia and France,[1] making him one of the first musicians to perform traditional Malagasy music at music festivals and concerts outside of Madagascar.[9] At these performances, he was often accompanied by supporting musicians under the group name Orchestre Nationale.[2] By exposing international audiences to sodina performances, Rakoto Frah promoted the instrument and the traditional musical heritage of Madagascar across the globe.[3] The government of President Tsirananana fell into disfavor and was overturned in 1972, and Rakoto Frah's close association with the unpopular former head of state led the artist to be marginalized for the first half of the administration of his successor, Didier Ratsiraka (1975–1993).[2][9]

In 1985, producers Ben Mandelson and Roger Armstrong visited Madagascar in search of artists to record for a planned album of Malagasy music. Rakoto Frah soon came to their attention, and they offered him a full-length album of his own.[2] Two of Rakoto Frah's granddaughters provided vocals for this album, which was entitled Rakoto Frah: Flute Master of Madagascar.[6] From the mid-1980s onward, Rakoto Frah enjoyed a revival in popularity, particularly among the youth, many of whom were seeking to reconnect with the traditions of their elders. In addition to recording numerous tracks and albums of his own, the flutist often appeared as a guest artist on the albums of others.[2] Rakoto Frah again became one of the most famous and respected musicians within Madagascar[1] and among the most recognized Malagasy performers in the world music circuit.[4]

Rakoto Frah released a series of albums and performed internationally throughout the 1990s. The World Out of Time compilation, recorded and produced by David Lindley and Henry Kaiser in 1991, featured him alongside a variety of other performers of the island's diverse musical genres and instruments; two further compilations with Lindley and Kaiser followed in 1993 and 1994.[2] In 1994 Rakoto Frah performed with the Malagasy All Stars on their tour of Germany. The following year he experienced a further increase in national and international prominence as a founding member of the group Feo Gasy, which also featured the internationally acclaimed Malagasy guitarist and singer-songwriter Erick Manana.[9] Together the band recorded two albums: Ramano in 1996[2] and Tsofy Rano in 1999. Malagasy guitarist Solo Razafindrakoto produced Rakoto Frah's Souffles de Vie in 1998, and Rakoto Frah's final album, Chants et danses en Imerina, was released in October 2000.[4]

Despite his popularity, the artist earned very little from his musical career. This was in part due to weak enforcement of copyright laws in Madagascar, which enabled the profits from illegally copied albums to go directly to pirates.[2] Throughout his career as a professional musician he lived in the poor neighborhood of Anatihazo-Isotry in Antananarivo[10] with 30 members of his family. There he produced instruments and provided lessons in sodina performance.[2] In the later years of his life, Rakoto Frah had over 80 students at any given time. He was also a respected source of counsel in the neighborhood and was frequently visited by community members seeking his wisdom and advice.[1] When based in Madagascar, the artist regularly accepted paid offers to perform on the sodina at traditional events such as famadihana (the Malagasy highland "turning of the bones" funerary tradition), circumcision ceremonies,[4] weddings, engagement ceremonies, and traditional festivals held to celebrate the first rice harvest of the year. These events could last up to seven days, including performances throughout the night, and often required several days of travel to arrive at the site.[1] Rakoto Frah was an avid fan of rugby, and he and his ensemble would regularly perform flute and drum music at national team matches.[11] His final international festival performance was the Festival de Langon held in France in August 2001.[2]

Rakoto Frah died on 29 September 2001 in the Ravoahangy Andrianavalona hospital of Antananarivo following heart problems[5] and a lung infection.[12] In the days following his death, the Malagasy government organized a public celebration in his honor at Mahamasina stadium. His body was laid in the family tomb in his home village of Ankadinandriana[13] on 3 October.[2]