Rangers F.C.

The 1877 Scottish Cup Final Rangers team

Rangers were formed by four founders – brothers Moses McNeil and Peter McNeil, Peter Campbell and William McBeath – who met at West End Park (now known as Kelvingrove Park) in March 1872. Rangers' first match, in May that year, was a goalless friendly draw with Callander on Glasgow Green. David Hill was also a founder member.[16] In 1873, the club held its first annual meeting and staff were elected.[17][18] By 1876 Rangers had its first international player, with Moses McNeil representing Scotland in a match against Wales.[19] In 1877 Rangers reached the Scottish Cup final; after drawing the first game, Rangers refused to turn up for the replay and the cup was awarded to Vale of Leven. Rangers won the Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup the following year against Vale of Leven 2–1, their first major cup.[20] The first-ever match against Celtic took place in 1888, the year of the East End club's establishment. Rangers lost 5–2 in a friendly to an opposition composed largely of guest players from Hibernian.[21][22][23]

Chart of Rangers yearly table positions in League play.

The 1890–91 season saw the inception of the Scottish Football League, and Rangers, by then playing at the first Ibrox Stadium, were one of ten original members. The club's first-ever league match, on 16 August 1890, resulted in a 5–2 victory over Heart of Midlothian. After finishing joint-top with Dumbarton, a play-off held at Cathkin Park finished 2–2 and the title was shared for the only time in its history. Rangers' first-ever Scottish Cup win came in 1894 after a 3–1 final victory over rivals Celtic. By the start of the 20th century, Rangers had won two league titles and three Scottish Cups.[18][20][24][25] During William Wilton's time as match secretary and then team manager, Rangers won 10 league titles.

Taking over as manager after William Wilton's death in 1920, Bill Struth was Rangers' most successful manager, guiding the club to 14 league titles before the onset of the Second World War. On 2 January 1939 a British league attendance record was broken as 118,567 fans turned out to watch Rangers beat Celtic in the traditional New Year's Day Old Firm match.[26] Leading the club for 34 years until 1954, Struth won more trophies than any manager in Scottish Football history, amassing 18 league championships, 10 Scottish Cups, two League Cups, seven war-time championships, 19 Glasgow Cups, 17 Glasgow Merchant Charity Cups and other war-time honours.[17][27] During the wartime regional league setup, Rangers achieved their highest score against Celtic with an 8–1 win in the Southern Football League.[28][29] Under Struth's reign Rangers managed to set a new record of becoming the first club in Britain and second club in Europe after MTK Budapest to win nine consecutive league championships in a row from the 1938–39 season until the 1946–47 season.[30]

Scot Symon continued Struth's success, winning six league championships, five Scottish Cups and four League Cups, becoming the second manager to win the domestic treble in 1963–64 season, the era of 'Slim' Jim Baxter, one of the club's greatest players.[31][32] Rangers also lost by their biggest Old Firm margin of 7–1.[28]

Rangers reached the semi-finals of the European Cup in 1960, losing to German club Eintracht Frankfurt by a record aggregate 12–4 for a Scottish team.[33] In 1961 Rangers became the first British team to reach a European final when they contested the Cup Winners' Cup final against Italian side Fiorentina, only to lose 4–1 on aggregate.[34] Rangers lost again in the final of the same competition in 1967, by a single goal after extra time to Bayern Munich.[25]

The Ibrox Disaster memorial statue, commemorating the 1971 tragedy along with previous disasters

The Ibrox disaster occurred on 2 January 1971 when large-scale crushing on a stairway exit at the culmination of an Old Firm game claimed 66 lives. An enquiry concluded that the crush was likely to have happened 10 minutes after the final whistle and to have been triggered by someone falling on the stairs.[35] A benefit match to raise funds for the victims' families took place after the disaster, a joint Rangers and Celtic team playing a Scotland XI at Hampden, watched by 81,405 fans.[36]

In 1972, Rangers emerged from the tragedy of the previous year to finally achieve success on the European stage. A Colin Stein goal and a Willie Johnston double helped secure a 3–2 victory over Dynamo Moscow at the Nou Camp, Barcelona, to lift the European Cup Winners' Cup. Captain John Greig received the trophy in a small room within the Nou Camp following pitch invasions by Rangers fans reacting to the heavy handed tactics of the Spanish police, the majority of whom had been brought in from outwith Catalonia.[37] Rangers were banned from Europe for two years for the behaviour of their fans, later reduced on appeal to one year.[38]

The following season saw the club compete in the first ever European Super Cup, although the European ban saw it officially recognised as Rangers centenary anniversary match. The side played the European Cup holders Ajax, who had first proposed the idea, in January 1973. The Dutch side proved too strong and recorded a 6–3 aggregate win, with Rangers losing 1–3 at Ibrox and 3–2 in Amsterdam.[39]

Emerging from the shadows of Jock Stein's Celtic side, Rangers regained ascendancy with notable domestic success under the stewardship of manager Jock Wallace. In his first season in charge – the club's centenary – Rangers won the Scottish Cup at Hampden in front of 122,714 supporters.[40] In 1974–75, Wallace led Rangers to their first League championship triumph in 11 years, before winning the treble the following season, repeating the historic feat in 1977–78.[41]

John Greig served as manager for five years but was unable to achieve the success as a manager that he had as a player. Unable to win the league during his reign, he was replaced by Wallace returning in 1983. Wallace was unable to repeat the success of his first period in charge with a win ratio of less than 50%, and was himself replaced by Graeme Souness in 1986.

Every year from the 1988–89 season until the 1996–97 season, Rangers won the league title. This nine-in-a-row achievement equalled Celtic's record, set prior to the forming of the Scottish Football League Premier Division, subsequent to which competing teams met four times a season. The first three of these seasons the club was managed by Graeme Souness; the latter six under the stewardship of Walter Smith.[42]

Notable seasons included 1990–91, which culminated in a last-day finale, Rangers securing a 2–0 victory at Ibrox over Aberdeen, who needed only a draw to secure the championship. Season 1992–93 was notable for a domestic treble of trophies, as well an extended run in the inaugural UEFA Champions League, the club at one stage only one goal from securing a place in the final.[43]

Rangers' ninth consecutive championship title was secured at Tannadice Park on 7 May 1997, with a single-goal victory over Dundee United.[44]

In 1998, Dutchman Dick Advocaat became the club's first foreign manager.[45] Nine-in-a-row era stalwarts having moved on, Advocaat invested heavily in the team with immediate results, leading the club to their sixth domestic treble. The league championship was won with a 3–0 victory at Celtic Park on 2 May 1999.[46] A second-consecutive league title was won by a record 21-point margin,[47] the club securing a domestic double with a 4–0 Scottish Cup final victory over Aberdeen. Rangers' campaign in the Champions League saw them defeat UEFA Cup winners Parma en route.[48][49]

Advocaat's third season saw Rangers fail to compete domestically against Celtic under new manager Martin O'Neill. Despite investment in the team, including Tore Andre Flo for a club-record £12 million,[50] European success beyond the Champions League group stages again proved elusive.[51] After a slow start to the following season, Advocaat resigned from his post in December 2001 and was replaced by Alex McLeish.[52]

In his first full campaign, the 2002–03 season saw McLeish become the sixth Rangers manager to deliver a domestic treble.[53] The championship was won on goal difference during a dramatic final day 6–1 triumph over Dunfermline Athletic at Ibrox,[54] securing Rangers' 50th league title, the first club in the world to achieve the feat.[55] Major expenditure sanctioned by chairman David Murray had burdened Rangers with considerable debts in the region of £52m.[56] The club's worsening financial state saw many of the team's top players leave in the summer of 2003, the following season failing to deliver any trophies, only the second such occasion since 1985–86.[57]

The 2004–05 season restored success to Rangers, who were boosted by signings such as Jean-Alain Boumsong,[58] Dado Pršo[59] and Nacho Novo,[60] along with the return of former captain Barry Ferguson after a spell in England with Blackburn Rovers.[61] The club's league championship triumph culminated in a dramatic final-day finish. The destination of the trophy changed unexpectedly, with Celtic conceding late goals to Motherwell at Fir Park whilst Rangers led against Hibernian, requiring the helicopter carrying the SPL trophy to change direction and deliver the prize to the Easter Road ground in Leith.[62][63]

Despite beginning as favourites to retain the championship, Rangers suffered an unprecedented run of poor results between September and November, a club-record run of ten games without a win. Included within this period, a 1–1 draw with Inter Milan took Rangers into the last 16 of the Champions League, the first Scottish team to achieve the feat since 1993,[64] the club eventually exiting on the away goals rule to Villarreal.[65] On 9 February 2006, it was announced by David Murray that McLeish would be standing down as manager at the end of that season.[66]

Card display at Ibrox to welcome Paul Le Guen

Frenchman Paul Le Guen replaced Alex McLeish as manager after season 2005–06.[67] The season started with an early exit from the League Cup[68] whilst Celtic built a commanding lead at the top of the table.[69] In the UEFA Cup, Rangers became the first Scottish side to qualify for the last 32 of the competition, since the introduction of the group phase, after finishing their group unbeaten.[70] However, amid claims of disharmony between the manager and captain Barry Ferguson,[71] it was announced on 4 January 2007 that Le Guen had left Rangers by mutual consent.[72]

On 10 January 2007, former boss Walter Smith resigned from his post as Scotland manager to return to the Ibrox helm, with Ally McCoist as assistant manager.[73]

The 2008 UEFA Cup Final in Manchester which Rangers contested.

The following season Rangers contested the UEFA Cup after dropping into the competition from the Champions League.[74] The club reached the final, defeating Panathinaikos, Werder Bremen, Sporting Lisbon and Fiorentina along the way.[75] The final in Manchester against Zenit St. Petersburg, who were managed by former Rangers manager Dick Advocaat,[76] ended in a 2–0 defeat.[77] An estimated 200,000 supporters travelled to Manchester for the event,[78] and the 2008 UEFA Cup Final riots occurred.

The 2008–09 season saw Rangers recover from an early exit from the UEFA Champions League to FBK Kaunas of Lithuania.[79] The club secured its 52nd league championship on the last day of the season with a 3–0 victory at Dundee United.[80] Rangers also successfully defended the Scottish Cup, defeating Falkirk 1–0 in the final.[81]

The 2009–10 season saw Rangers reach their fifth consecutive domestic final: against St Mirren in the Scottish League Cup, the club overcame a two-men deficit from red cards, a late deciding goal from Kenny Miller securing the victory.[82] The league championship title was retained, with three matches remaining, at Easter Road, defeating Hibernian 1–0 with a Kyle Lafferty goal. The 2010–11 season, Smith's final season in charge, saw Rangers retain the League Cup, defeating Celtic at Hampden with a Nikica Jelavić goal in extra time.[83] A third consecutive title was won by beating Kilmarnock 5–1 on the last day of the season, Smith's final match in charge of the club.[84]

Ally McCoist took over from Walter Smith in June 2011 but season 2011–12 started with Rangers eliminated from two European competitions before the end of August: losing to Swedish side Malmö FF in the Champions League third round qualifying match,[85] and to Slovenian side Maribor in a Europa League qualifying match.[86] While good league form saw Rangers in top spot after being unbeaten for the first 15 games, they were knocked out of the League Cup by Falkirk[87] and the Scottish Cup by Dundee Utd at Ibrox.[88] Rangers were placed into administration on 14 February 2012 resulting in the club being deducted 10 points as per SPL rules.[89] Though Rangers avoided having Celtic win the championship at Ibrox on 25 March by winning the game 3–2, Rangers ultimately finished 20 points behind Celtic in second place.[90]

On 1 June 2012, after four months in administration, a failure to reach a CVA agreement with creditors led to The Rangers Football Club plc (since renamed RFC 2012 plc)[91] entering the process of liquidation.[92] The administrators completed a sale of the business and assets to a new company, Sevco Scotland Ltd (which later renamed itself The Rangers Football Club Ltd), though most first-team players refused to transfer across.[93][94] The new company failed to secure the transfer of Rangers' previous place in the Scottish Premier League,[95] but were later accepted into the Scottish Football League. Rangers were awarded associate membership and placed in the lowest division, the Third, rather than the First Division as the SPL and SFA had sought.[96] The transfer of Rangers' SFA membership was agreed by the SFA upon acceptance of a number of conditions, including a one-year transfer ban, in time for the club to begin the 2012–13 season.[97]

With most key Rangers players having refused to transfer to the new company, a very different Rangers team lined up for the first league match in Third Division though it secured a comfortable 5–1 victory over East Stirlingshire in front of a crowd of 49,118, a world record for a football match in a fourth tier league.[98][n 1] Away from home, Rangers started their league campaign with three successive draws before losing 1–0 to Stirling Albion, at the time the bottom club in the country.[100] Rangers were defeated in the third round of the Scottish Challenge Cup by Queen of the South at Ibrox,[101] in the quarter-finals of the Scottish League Cup at home to Inverness Caledonian Thistle[102] and in the fifth round of the Scottish Cup by Dundee United.[103] Rangers beat their own new record against Queens Park with an attendance of 49,463[104] and again against Stirling Albion with an attendance of 49,913.[105] Rangers clinched the Third Division title on 30 March after a goalless draw at Montrose.

Apart from being defeated 2–1 by Forfar Athletic in the first round of the League Cup on 3 August, season 2013–14 got off to an excellent start with Rangers winning maximum league points in their first 15 games in League One, before being held to a draw at home by Stranraer on Boxing Day 2013. Rangers secured the League One title and promotion to Scottish football's second tier on 12 March 2014 and went on to end the season unbeaten in league football.[106] Rangers also reached the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup, in which they lost to Raith Rovers[107] and the semi-final of the Scottish Cup, in which they lost 3–1 at Ibrox to Dundee United.

Playing in the Scottish Championship in season 2014–15 provided Rangers with a more difficult challenge, with the club losing home and away to both Hibernian[108][109] and Hearts[110][111] and also losing away to Queen of the South[112] in the first half of the season. Rangers also failed to beat Alloa either home or away in the league before losing 3–2 to Alloa in the semi-final of the Scottish Challenge Cup.[113] Amid mounting criticism,[114] McCoist submitted his resignation intending to honour his 12 months notice period but was placed on 'gardening leave' and replaced by Kenny McDowall on a caretaker basis.[115] McDowall remained in charge for just three months before resigning in March 2015. During his time in charge, Rangers won just three matches. Rangers then named former player Stuart McCall as their third manager of the season for the remaining fixtures.[116] Under McCall, Rangers finished third in the league and then reached the Premiership play-off final, which they lost 6–1 on aggregate to Motherwell.[117]

In June 2015 it was announced that Mark Warburton had been appointed manager on a three-year deal.[118] Rangers went on to win the 2015–16 Scottish Championship and automatic promotion to the Scottish Premiership, ending their four-year stint in the lower divisions. The club also reached the 2016 Scottish Cup Final, beating Old Firm rivals Celtic in the semi-final at Hampden,[119] before losing to Hibernian in the final.[120] After a poor first half of the 2016–17 season, Mark Warburton and David Weir left Rangers on 10 February 2017, and Graeme Murty was placed in caretaker control of the Rangers first team.[121][122] Pedro Caixinha eventually took over as permanent manager.

Caixinha's first full season started with Rangers suffering one of the worst results in their history. After winning 1–0 at Ibrox, Rangers lost 2–0 to Luxembourg minnows Progrès Niederkorn, resulting in Rangers being knocked out 2–1 on aggregate in the first qualifying round of the 2017–18 Europa League. Progrès had never before won a tie and had only ever scored once before in European competition.[123] After that disappointing start to the season the form did not improve, with notable results including a 2–0 reverse to Celtic at home in the league[124] and defeat to Motherwell in the Scottish League Cup semi-final by the same scoreline.[125] On 26 October, a day after a 95th-minute equaliser at Ibrox by last-placed Kilmarnock saw Rangers draw 1–1, Caixinha was sacked and Graeme Murty took over as caretaker manager again. The Portuguese manager's reign was described as "a desperate mess from start to finish".[126]

In late December, after a search for a more experienced manager proved unsuccessful, including a failed attempt to appoint Aberdeen manager Derek McInnes, Murty (who had won back-to-back games over Aberdeen[127][128] and also defeated Hibernian away from home[129] during his interim spell) was appointed to the role until the end of the season.[130] On 1 May 2018, Murty's second spell in charge ended prematurely when he was sacked as manager following a 5–0 defeat to Celtic which resulted in Celtic winning their 7th consecutive league title.[131] Rangers again ended the season in 3rd place, behind Celtic and Aberdeen for the second year in a row.[132]

On 4 May 2018, former Liverpool and England captain Steven Gerrard was confirmed as the new manager of Rangers on a four-year contract.[133] Gerrard's era started successfully with Rangers remaining unbeaten in their first 12 games, clinching a place in the UEFA Europa League group stage in the process.[134] However, Rangers were then defeated by Celtic in the first Old Firm match of the season,[135] and the following month were eliminated from the League Cup by Aberdeen.[136] On 29 December, Rangers defeated Celtic at Ibrox to inflict Brendan Rodgers' first defeat in 13 Old Firm games; Rangers first win over Celtic since a Scottish Cup victory in April 2016 and their first league win over Celtic since March 2012.[137] Aberdeen knocked Rangers out of a cup for the second time in the season after securing a 2–0 victory in the Scottish Cup at Ibrox on 12 March 2019.[138]

Season 2019–20 began with Rangers again qualifying for the UEFA Europa League group stage before losing 2–0 to Celtic at Ibrox in the first Old Firm match of the season on 1 September. The following day, the club signed Ryan Kent from Liverpool for £7m,[139] though the winger suffered a hamstring injury in his first appearance on 14 September 2019.[140] Rangers reached the final of the League Cup but despite a dominant performance were beaten 1–0 by Celtic.[141] On 12 December Rangers progressed to the UEFA Europa League Round of 32 as group runners-up after a 1–1 draw with Young Boys which secured European football beyond Christmas for the first time since the 2010–11 season.[142] On 29 December Rangers beat Celtic 2–1 at Celtic Park, Rangers' first win at their old rivals stadium since October 2010.[143] However a slump in form thereafter, including losing to Hearts in the Scottish Cup and Hamilton in the league within 5 days, left Rangers 13 points adrift of Celtic a week into March.[144] However, all professional football in Scotland was suspended later that month due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[145][146] On 18 May, the SPFL officially ended the season, and Celtic were awarded the league title which was determined by points per game.[147]

Unusually for a football club, Rangers have two different official crests. Today the original scroll crest appears on the club's strips whereas the lion rampant club crest is used by the media, on club merchandise and on official club documents. Both crests have undergone minor variations since their introduction. It is believed that the scroll crest, representing the letters RFC overlapping, has been used since the club's formation in 1872, although the oldest remaining piece of memorabilia containing this crest is from the 1881–82 season. The scroll crest was replaced in 1959 with the lion rampant club crest which featured a lion rampant, an old-style football and the club's motto Ready, which was shortened from Aye Ready (meaning Always Ready in Scots), all surrounded by the team name, Rangers Football Club. The lion rampant club crest was modernised in 1968; the lion rampant, team name, club motto and old style football all remained. It was again updated slightly in the early 1990s and then once more in 2020 to the current version. The modern circular crest is regularly used on club merchandise and by the media; it has never featured prominently on the club strip. In 1968 the scroll crest made a return appearing on the chest of the club shirt for the first time while the modernised club crest was still the club's official logo. The scroll crest first appeared on the teams shorts for the start of the 1978–79 season.[148][149]

• Club crest history
• 
  Lion rampant club crest 1959–1968. Never appeared on the shirt.
• 
  Lion rampant club crest 1968–1991. Never appeared on the shirt.
• 
  Lion rampant club crest 1991–2020. Never appeared on the shirt.
• 
  The current lion rampant club crest. Never appeared on the shirt.

The way the scroll crest has appeared on the club shirt has varied slightly through the years. Between 1990 and 1994 'Rangers Football Club' and the 'Ready' motto appeared above and below the Crest respectively. Between 1997 and 1999 the scroll crest featured within a shield. After a successful end to the season in 2003, which delivered Rangers a Domestic Treble and their 50th league title; five stars were added to the top of the scroll crest, one for every ten titles won by the club. The team wore a special crest on 8 December 2012 in a home league match against Stirling Albion, to commemorate the 140th anniversary of their formation. '1872–2012' appeared above the scroll crest with the words '140 years' featuring below.[150][151]

• 
  Scroll crest, appeared on the chest of the Rangers shirt since 1968
• 
  Scroll crest version with banner and 'Ready' motto, worn on shirts between 1990 and 1995.
• 
  Scroll crest with five stars, worn on the Rangers shirt since 2003.

The club colours of Rangers F.C. are royal blue, white and red. However, for the majority of the first forty-eight years of Rangers existence the club played in a plain lighter blue home shirt. The only deviation from this was a four-season period from 1879 when the side wore the lighter shade of blue and white in a hooped style. Traditionally this is accompanied by white shorts (often with royal blue and/or red trim) and black socks with red turn-downs. Rangers moved from the lighter shade of blue to royal blue in 1921, and have had a royal blue home shirt every year since. Black socks were first included in 1883 for five seasons before disappearing for eight years but became a more permanent fixture from 1896 onwards. When the red turn-downs were added to the socks in 1904, the strip began to look more like the modern day Rangers home kit. Occasionally the home kit will be altered by the shorts and socks, sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks.[151]

The basic design of Rangers away strips has changed far more than the traditional home strip. Rangers original change strip, used between 1876 and 1879, was all white featuring blue and white hooped socks and a light blue six pointed star on the chest. White and red have been the most common colours for Rangers alternate strips, though dark and light blue have also featured highly. In 1994 Rangers introduced a third kit. This is usually worn if both the home and away kits clash with their opponents. The colours used in the third kits have included combinations of white, red, dark and light blue as well as black.[152] Orange and blue change strips, first seen in 1993–94,[152] worn once in 2002–03 and reintroduced in 2018–19, have courted controversy because the colours were seen as referencing the Orange Order.[153]

Selection of Rangers kits through history[151]
The blue shirt, white shorts and blue & white hooped socks. Worn 1873–1879	A change kit featuring a white top. Worn 1916–1918, 1921–1932 and 1933–1934	The blue shirt, white shorts and black socks. Worn 1883–1888 and 1896–1904	The royal blue shirt with white collar and black socks with red tops. Worn 1921–1957	The royal blue shirt and red socks with white tops. Worn 1968–1973 and 2012–2013	The royal blue shirt and black socks with red tops. Worn 1958–1968 and 1973–1978

Since 1978 when Rangers signed a deal with Umbro they have had a specific kit manufacturer and since 1984 have had a kit sponsor. When Rangers played French sides AJ Auxerre and RC Strasbourg in the 1996–97 Champions League and the 1997–98 UEFA Cup respectively, due to a French ban on alcohol advertising the team wore the logo of Center Parcs instead of McEwan's Lager.[154] Later matches played in France (when the club was sponsored by Carling) saw the club have no shirt sponsor at all, versus AJ Auxerre in November 2006[155] and Olympique Lyonnais in October 2007.[156] During 32Red's sponsorship, Rangers faced Croat club NK Osijek in the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, sporting unsponsored training gear due to Croatia's ban on advertisement of betting.[153] The following tables detail the shirt sponsors and kit suppliers of Rangers by year:[151]

Rangers fans (right) at an Old Firm match away to Celtic in 2004.

The club's most distinct rivalry is with Glasgow neighbours Celtic F.C.; the two clubs are collectively known as the Old Firm. Rangers' traditional support is largely drawn from the Protestant Unionist community, whilst Celtic's traditional support is largely drawn from the Catholic community. The first Old Firm match was won by Celtic and there have been over four hundred matches played to date. The Old Firm rivalry has fuelled many assaults, sometimes leading to deaths, on Old Firm derby days; an activist group that monitors sectarian activity in Glasgow has reported that on Old Firm weekends, admissions to hospital emergency rooms have increased over normal levels and journalist Franklin Foer noted that in the period from 1996 to 2003, eight deaths in Glasgow were directly linked to Old Firm matches, as well as hundreds of assaults.[191][192]

The bitter rivalry with Aberdeen developed following an incident in the 1979 League Cup final when Rangers' Derek Johnstone provoked the fury of the Dons support with what they believed was a blatant dive but which resulted in the dismissal of Aberdeen's Doug Rougvie and a Rangers victory.[193] Then, the following season, Aberdeen's John McMaster had to be given the kiss of life at Ibrox after a vicious stamp on his throat.[193] Relations between fans were further soured during a league match on 8 October 1988, when Aberdeen player Neil Simpson's tackle on Rangers' Ian Durrant resulted in Durrant being injured for two years.[194] Resentment continued and in 1998 an article in Rangers match programme branded Aberdeen fans "scum", although Rangers later issued a "full and unreserved apology" to Aberdeen and their supporters, which was accepted by Aberdeen.[195][196]

Rangers' relaunch in the Third Division in the 2012–13 season led to the club's original rivalry with Queen's Park being renewed for the first time since 1958 in the league. Rangers and Queen's Park first played each other in March 1879, some nine years before the start of the Old Firm rivalry.[197][198] Matches with Queen's Park were advertised as the "Original Glasgow derby" by Rangers and the Scottish media; and as the "Oldest Derby in the World" by Queen's Park.[199]

During the 19th century, many immigrants came to Glasgow from Ireland – this was a time of considerable anti-Catholic and anti-Irish sentiment in Scotland. The early success of Celtic, a club associated with the Irish and Catholic community, has been described as sharpening Rangers' Protestant Unionist identity, contributing to the eventual absence of openly Catholic players from the team.[200] From the early 20th century onwards, Catholics were not knowingly signed by the club, nor employed in other prominent roles as an 'unwritten rule'.[201][202][203][204]

In 1989, Rangers signed Mo Johnston, "their first major Roman Catholic signing".[205] Johnston was the first high-profile Catholic to sign for the club since the World War I era, though other Catholics had signed for Rangers before.[201][206] Since Johnston's signing, an influx of overseas footballers has contributed to Catholic players becoming commonplace at Rangers.[207] In 1999, Lorenzo Amoruso became the first Catholic captain of the club.[208]

Rangers partnered with Celtic to form the Old Firm Alliance, an initiative aimed at educating children from across Glasgow about issues like healthy eating and fitness, as well as awareness of anti-social behaviour, sectarianism and racism. The club's Follow With Pride campaign was launched in 2007 to improve the club's image and build on previous anti-sectarian and anti-racist campaigns.[209][n 2] William Gaillard, UEFA's Director of Communications, commended the SFA and Scottish clubs, including Rangers, for their actions in fighting discrimination.[211] In September 2007, UEFA praised Rangers for the measures the club has taken against sectarianism.[212][213]

However, sectarian chanting by supporters has continued to incur criticism and sanctions upon the club as well as convictions against individuals identified.[214][215] In 1999, the vice-chairman of The Rangers Football Club Ltd, Donald Findlay, resigned after being filmed singing sectarian songs during a supporters club event.[216][217][218] UEFA's Control and Disciplinary Body has punished Rangers for incidents during European ties, most notably Villarreal in 2006,[219] Osasuna in 2007,[220] PSV Eindhoven in 2011,[221][222] and at Ibrox in 2019.[223] In February 2015, following sectarian singing from Rangers fans at a match at Raith Rovers, the SPFL came in for criticism for their failure or inability to deal with the issue.[224] The police and courts are taking action, however, as Rangers fans are being charged, convicted and jailed for sectarian behaviour.[225]

Supporters of Rangers have a fan-friendship with the Northern Irish club Linfield F.C., dating back to 1920. Two of the founders of the club Moses and Peter McNeil have a Northern Irish connection through the County Down birth of their mother Jean Bain, who after moving to Scotland for work in the mid-19th century married a Scotsman, John McNeil. From Rangers formation to the present day, the club have had 32 players who were born in either Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and previously Ireland (from 1882-1950). A number were former Linfield players, and they have contributed much to the success of Rangers Football Club. Three former Northern Irish players have captained Rangers - Bert Manderson, John McClelland and Steven Davis; six from a Northern Irish connection have been elevated to the Rangers 'Hall of Fame' and one - Jimmy Nicholl - was the club's assistant manager in 2018.[226]

The fans of Rangers also have a fan-friendship with the German club Hamburger SV, dating from the 1970s when Scots moved to the German port in search of work and reinforced by their shared affection for the midfielder Jörg Albertz.[227]

On 27 May 1899, Rangers Football Club incorporated, forming The Rangers Football Club Ltd.[91] No single shareholding exceeded 50% until 1985 when the Lawrence Group increased its shareholding in Rangers to a 52% majority, following a deal with then club vice-chairman Jack Gillespie. In November 1988, head of the Lawrence Group Lawrence Marlborough sold out to David Murray for £6 million. In 2000, David Murray decided to list the company on the stock exchange (making it a public limited company), with the name of the company being changed to The Rangers Football Club plc.[228]

On 6 May 2011, Craig Whyte bought David Murray's shares for £1.[229] On 13 February 2012, Whyte filed legal papers at the Court of Session giving notice of his intention to appoint administrators.[230] The next day, The Rangers Football Club plc – which was subsequently renamed RFC 2012 plc – entered administration over non-payment of £9 million in PAYE and VAT taxes to HM Revenue and Customs.[231][232] In April the administrators estimated that the club's total debts could top £134m which was largely dependent on the outcome of a First Tier Tax Tribunal concerning a disputed tax bill in relation to an Employee Benefit Trust ("EBT") scheme employed by the club since 2001.[233] However, on 20 November 2012, the Tribunal ruled in favour of Rangers. Had that decision been upheld the tax bill could have been significantly reduced from an estimated £74m to under £2m.[234][235] An Upper Tribunal upheld the decision in 2014.[236] HMRC then appealed to the Court of Session, which ruled in November 2015 that Rangers should have paid tax and national insurance on the EBT payments.[237]

On 25 June 2012, the Crown Office asked Strathclyde Police to investigate the purchase of Rangers and the club's subsequent financial management during Whyte's tenure.[238]

Charles Green agreed a deal with the administrators of The Rangers Football Club plc to purchase the company for £8.5 million if a proposed CVA was agreed or to purchase its business and assets for a £5.5million if the proposed CVA were to be rejected. On 14 June 2012, the formal rejection of the proposed CVA[239] meant that the company would enter the liquidation process.[240][241][242] The accountancy firm BDO was appointed to investigate the years of financial mismanagement at the club.[243][244]

On 14 June 2012, hours after the CVA's rejection, Sevco Scotland Ltd, a new company formed by Charles Green's consortium for this eventuality,[245] completed the purchase of the business and assets of The Rangers Football Club Plc[246][247] and then, on 18 June 2012, formally applied to acquire the SPL share of The Rangers Football Club plc. On 4 July, SPL clubs voted by 10–1 to reject the application with Kilmarnock abstaining and the old Rangers company voting in favour.[95] Thereafter, an application to the Scottish Football League was successful with Rangers securing associate membership on 13 July 2012 at an SFL meeting by a vote of 29–1. The SFL member clubs voted that Rangers should enter the fourth tier of Scottish Football, Scottish Third Division for the 2012–13 season, rather than the Scottish First Division.[248][249]

An application was made for a transfer of SFA membership on 29 June 2012, with the new company applying for the transfer of the membership of The Rangers Football Club plc.[250][251] Agreement was reached on the transfer with the new company accepting a number of conditions relating to the old company.[97]

At the end of 2012, Rangers International Football Club plc became the holding company for the group, having acquired The Rangers Football Club Ltd on the basis of a one for one share exchange.[252] In 2013, after its first 13 months, the company reported operating losses of £14.4m.[253] Thereafter it has continued to post annual operating losses: £9.8m in 2014 and £9.9m in 2015,[254] £2.5m in 2016,[255] £6.3m in 2017[256] and £13.2m in 2018.[257]

The Rangers Charity Foundation was created in 2002 and participates in a wide range of charitable work, regularly involving Rangers staff and star players. The foundation also has partnerships with UNICEF, The Prostate Cancer Charity and Erskine, and is responsible for over £2.3 million in donations. As well as fundraising, the Rangers Charity Foundation regularly bring sick, disabled and disadvantaged children to attend matches and tours at Ibrox, with the chance to meet the players.[258][259]

Through its support of the Rangers Charity Foundation, the club has helped a number of charities with support and financial donations. In 2008, the club became the first Scottish side to be selected as a partner club of UNICEF.[260] The club's Charity Foundation has backed initiatives in Togo and India[260] as well as funding one million vaccinations for a children's vaccination programme.[261] The club has been a firm supporter of Erskine, a charity which provides long-term medical care for veterans of the British Armed Forces, and in 2012, donated £25,000 to fund projects within their care homes.[262] In January 2015, Rangers hosted a charity match for the benefit of former player Fernando Ricksen who had been diagnosed with Motor neurone disease; this raised £320,000 for him and MND Scotland.[263]

Alongside its work with numerous charities, the club and its Charity Foundation operate various initiatives within the community including courses to help Armed Forces veterans overcome addictions,[264] to raise awareness of social issues and help unemployed people back into work. In October 2015, the club launched its Ready2Succeed programme which was a ten-week course designed to develop participants confidence and employability skills by engaging with football and fitness.[265] Rangers first-team players also visit the Royal Hospital for Children in Glasgow every year during the festive period where they hand out presents to the children and donate money to the hospital activity fund.[266]

As of 1 February 2021[295][296]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  SCO Allan McGregor 2 DF  ENG James Tavernier (captain) 3 DF  ENG Calvin Bassey 4 DF  ENG Jack Simpson 5 DF  SWE Filip Helander 6 DF  ENG Connor Goldson (vice-captain) 7 MF  ROU Ianis Hagi 8 MF  SCO Ryan Jack 9 FW  ENG Jermain Defoe 10 MF  NIR Steven Davis 11 FW   SUI Cedric Itten 13 GK  ENG Andy Firth 14 MF  ENG Ryan Kent 15 MF  RSA Bongani Zungu (on loan from Amiens)

No. Pos. Nation Player 16 DF  SCO Nathan Patterson 17 MF  NGA Joe Aribo 18 MF  FIN Glen Kamara 19 DF  CRO Nikola Katić 20 FW  COL Alfredo Morelos 23 FW  SCO Scott Wright 24 FW  SCO Greg Stewart 25 FW  JAM Kemar Roofe 26 DF  NGA Leon Balogun 31 DF  CRO Borna Barišić 33 GK  SCO Jon McLaughlin 36 MF  SCO Jamie Barjonas 37 MF  CAN Scott Arfield

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  SCO Lewis Budinauckas (on loan at Civil Service Strollers) — GK  SCO Nicky Hogarth (on loan at Cowdenbeath) — GK  SCO Robby McCrorie (on loan at Livingston) — GK  SCO Kieran Wright (on loan at Partick Thistle) — DF  SCO Rhys Breen (on loan at Queen of the South) — DF  ENG George Edmundson (on loan at Derby County) — DF  NIR Daniel Finlayson (on loan at St Mirren) — DF  SCO James Maxwell (on loan at Queen of the South) — DF  SCO Lewis Mayo (on loan at Dunfermline Athletic) — DF  SCO Matthew Shiels (on loan at Clyde) 21 MF  ENG Brandon Barker (on loan at Oxford United)

No. Pos. Nation Player — MF  SCO Zac Butterworth (on loan at Edinburgh City) — MF  NIR Jordan Jones (on loan at Sunderland) — MF  SCO Stephen Kelly (on loan at Ross County) — MF  SCO Kai Kennedy (on loan at Raith Rovers) — MF  SCO Glenn Middleton (on loan at St Johnstone) — MF  SCO Jack Thomson (on loan at Clyde) — MF  SCO Ben Williamson (on loan at Arbroath) — FW  SCO Jake Hastie (on loan at Motherwell) — FW  SCO Josh McPake (on loan at Harrogate Town) — FW  SCO Dapo Mebude (on loan at Queen of the South) — FW  SCO Jamie Murphy (on loan at Hibernian)

For more details on the academy squads, see Rangers F.C. Under-20s and Academy.

• Number 12 is reserved for the fans (often referred to as the 12th man)[297]

Rangers F.C. is owned and operated by The Rangers Football Club Limited ("TRFCL"), which, in turn, is a subsidiary of the holding company Rangers International Football Club Plc ("RIFC"). The latter company, RIFC, also owns other corporations related to Rangers including Rangers Retail Ltd, Rangers Media Ltd and Garrion Security Services Ltd who are responsible for providing match day security at Ibrox Stadium.

As of 1 February 2021

Rangers International Football Club Plc[298]

Position	Name
Chairman	Douglas Park
Deputy Chairman	John Bennett
Company Secretary	James Blair
Non-Executive Director	Alastair Johnston
Non-Executive Director	Graeme Park
Non-Executive Director	Barry Scott
Non-Executive Director	Julian Wolhardt

The Rangers Football Club Ltd[299]

Position	Name
Managing Director	Stewart Robertson
Commercial and Marketing Director	James Bisgrove[300]
Company Secretary	James Blair
Director of Finance and Administration	Andrew Dickson
Accountant	George Letham
Sporting Director	Ross Wilson

As of 1 February 2021[301]

Position	Name
Manager	Steven Gerrard
Assistant Manager	Gary McAllister
First Team Coach	Michael Beale
Technical Coach	Tom Culshaw
Head of Performance	Jordan Milsom
Goalkeeping Coach	Colin Stewart
Head of Scouting	Andy Scoulding
Club Scouts	John Brown Mervyn Day Piotr Kasprzak Billy McLaren
Scouting Coordinator	Rob Clarkson
Lead Technical Scout	Steve Doyle
Technical Scouts	George Charlton Alistair Clarke
Loans Manager	Billy Kirkwood
Head of Performance Analysis	Scott Mason
First Team Analyst	Graeme Stevenson
Head of Preparation	Craig Flannigan
Head of Strength and Conditioning	Paraskevas Polychronopoulos
Club Doctor	Dr Mark Waller
Head Physiotherapist	Steve Walker
Rehabilitation Physiotherapist	Tim Campkin
Masseur	David Lavery
Kit Executive	Jimmy Bell

As of 1 February 2021

Position	Name
Honorary Life President	John Greig[302]
Head of Communications and Media Relations	David Graham[303]
Head of Ambassadors and Business Development	Mark Hateley
Global Ambassador	Richard Gough[304]
Club Ambassador	Derek Johnstone[305]
Supporters Liaison Officer	Greg Marshall[306]

• Scottish first-tier League Championships: 54

1890–91,[n 3] 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1900–01, 1901–02, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1917–18, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1946–47, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11[24][283][284]

Runners-up: (32)

• Scottish second-tier League Championships: 1

2015–16

• Scottish third-tier League Championships: 1

2013–14

• Scottish fourth-tier League Championships: 1

2012–13

• Scottish Cup: 33

1893–94, 1896–97, 1897–98, 1902–03, 1927–28, 1929–30, 1931–32, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1959–60, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1995–96, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2007–08, 2008–09[24][283][284]

Runners-up: (18)

• Scottish League Cup: 27

1946–47, 1948–49, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1970–71, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11[24][283][284]

Runners-up: (8)

• Scottish Challenge Cup: 1

2015–16

Runners-up: (1)

• European Cup Winners' Cup: 1

  1971–72

  • Runners-up (2): 1960–61, 1966–67
• UEFA Cup:
  • Runners-up (1): 2007–08
• UEFA Super Cup:
  • Runners-up (1): 1972

• League Title, Scottish Cup, League Cup: 7

1948–49, 1963–64, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1992–93, 1998–99, 2002–03

• League Title and Scottish Cup: 11

1927–28, 1929–30, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1962–63, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1999–2000, 2008–09

• League Title and League Cup: 10

1946–47, 1960–61, 1986–87, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1993–94, 1996–97, 2004–05, 2009–10, 2010–11

• Scottish Cup and League Cup: 4

1961–62, 1978–79, 2001–02, 2007–08

Rangers became the first British side to reach a UEFA-sanctioned European final in 1961.[310]

For further information, see Rangers club captains

Rangers F.C. captains Name Period Tom Vallance 1876–1882 David Mitchell 1882–1894 John McPherson 1894–1898 Robert Hamilton 1898–1906 Robert Campbell 1906–1916 Tommy Cairns 1916–1926 Bert Manderson 1926–1927 Tommy Muirhead 1927–1930 David Meiklejohn 1930–1938 Jimmy Simpson 1938–1940 Jock Shaw 1940–1957 George Young 1953–1957 Ian McColl 1957–1960 Eric Caldow 1960–1962 Bobby Shearer 1962–1965 John Greig 1965–1978 Derek Johnstone 1978–1983 John McClelland 1983–1984

[312] Name Period Craig Paterson 1984–1986 Terry Butcher 1986–1990 Richard Gough 1990–1997 1997–1998 Brian Laudrup 1997 Lorenzo Amoruso 1998–2000 Barry Ferguson 2000–2003 2005–2007 2007–2009 Craig Moore 2003–2004 Stefan Klos 2004–2005 Gavin Rae 2007 David Weir 2009–2012 Steven Davis 2012 Carlos Bocanegra 2012 Lee McCulloch 2012–2015 Lee Wallace 2015–2018 James Tavernier 2018–

The following team was voted the greatest ever Rangers team by supporters in 1999. When the vote was launched it was feared that younger voters would ignore the great service of many of the pre-war stars (notably the most successful captain and most successful manager the club has ever had, Davie Meiklejohn and Bill Struth respectively). When the ballot was launched Donald Findlay stated it would be limited to post Second World War players because "few can recall players of these earlier eras":[314]

• Andy Goram
• Sandy Jardine
• Richard Gough
• Terry Butcher
• John Greig – Voted greatest ever Ranger
• Brian Laudrup – Voted Rangers' greatest ever foreign player
• Paul Gascoigne
• Jim Baxter – Voted third greatest ever Ranger
• Davie Cooper
• Ally McCoist – Voted second greatest ever Ranger
• Mark Hateley

As of 1 June 2020, 33 players and managers to have been involved with Rangers in their careers have entered the Scottish Football Hall of Fame:[315]

The Scottish FA International Roll of Honour recognises players who have gained 50 or more international caps for Scotland. As of 1 June 2020, the 10 inductees to have won caps while playing for Rangers are:[316]

• David Weir – 2006 Inductee, 69 Caps
• Kenny Miller – 2010 Inductee, 69 Caps
• Christian Dailly – 2003 Inductee, 67 Caps
• Richard Gough – 1990 Inductee, 61 Caps
• Ally McCoist – 1996 Inductee, 61 Caps
• George Young – 1956 Inductee, 54 Caps
• Graeme Souness – 1985 Inductee, 54 Caps
• Colin Hendry – 2001 Inductee, 51 Caps
• Steven Naismith – 2019 Inductee, 51 Caps
• Alan Hutton – 2016 Inductee, 50 Caps

Three Rangers players have been selected in the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame, they are:[317]

• Jim Baxter – 2002 Inductee
• John Greig – 2002 Inductee
• Ally McCoist – 2007 Inductee

• Official Kit Manufacturer, Retail, Merchandise and Licensing Partner - Castore[319]
• Official Club Sponsor – 32Red[320]
• Official Sleeve Partner - Tomket Tires[321]
• Official Back of Shirt Partner – The Energy Check[322]
• Official Logistics Partner – SEKO Logistics[323]
• Official Training Kit Partner – Unibet[324]
• Official Energy Partner – Utilita Energy[325]
• Official Women's Partner – DCP Capital[326]
• Official Academy Partner – Carrick Packaging[327]
• Official Lager Partner – Tennent's Lager
• Official Energy Drink Partner – Eighty-One Powerdrink[328]
• Official Online Trading Partner – Fortrade[329]
• Official Payments Partner – Sporting Pay[330]
• Official Video Game Partner – eFootball Pro Evolution Soccer 2021[331]

• Official Events Partner – Turnberry[332]

• Official Snacking Partner – Cadbury[333]

• Official Insurance Partner – Rangers Protect[334]

• Official Special Offers and Discounts Partner – Fan Logic[335]

• Official Business Travel Supplier - Clarity Business Travel (Clarity Sports)
• Official Supporter Travel Supplier - Corporate Travel Management Sport (CTM Sport)[336]
• Official Cryotherapy Supplier - CryoAction[337]
• Official Soft Drink Supplier – Coca-Cola
• Official Hydration Partner – Lucozade Sport[338]
• Official Television Supplier - Sky Sports
• Official Personal Care Supplier - Molton Brown[339]
• Official Radio Partner - Go Radio[340]
• Official Rangers Legends Events Supplier - 5 Stars[341]
• Official Airport Partner - Glasgow Airport[342]
• Official App Partner – Rangers Picks

• Official Club Partners - Bengaluru FC[343] and Orange County SC[344]

A full list of Rangers commercial partners and sponsors can be found on the official club website and in the Rangers matchday programme, available at every home game.