Reptation

Reptation theory describes the effect of polymer chain entanglements on the relationship between molecular mass and chain relaxation time (or similarly, the polymer’s zero-shear viscosity). The theory predicts that, in entangled systems, the relaxation time τ is proportional to the cube of molecular mass, M: τ ~ M ³. This is a reasonable approximation of the actual observed relationship, τ ~ M ^3.4.[10]

The prediction of the theory is arrived at by a relatively simple argument. First, each polymer chain is envisioned as occupying a tube of length L, through which it may move with snake-like motion (creating new sections of tube as it moves). Furthermore, if we consider a time scale comparable to τ, we may focus on the overall, global motion of the chain. Thus, we define the tube mobility as

μ_tube= v/f,

where v is the velocity of the chain when it is pulled by a force, f. μ _tube will be inversely proportional to the degree of polymerization (and thus also inversely proportional to chain weight).

The diffusivity of the chain through the tube may then be written as

D_tube=k_BT μ_tube.

By then recalling that in 1-dimension the mean squared displacement due to Brownian motion is given by

s(t)² = 2D_tube t,

we obtain

s(t)²=2k_BT μ_tube t.

The time necessary for a polymer chain to displace the length of its original tube is then

t =L²/(2k_BT μ_tube).

By noting that this time is comparable to the relaxation time, we establish that τ~L²/μ_tube. Since the length of the tube is proportional to the degree of polymerization, and μ_tube is inversely proportional to the degree of polymerization, we observe that τ~(DP_n)³ (and so τ~M ³).

From the preceding analysis, we see that molecular mass has a very strong effect on relaxation time in entangled polymer systems. Indeed, this is significantly different from the untangled case, where relaxation time is observed to be proportional to molecular mass. This strong effect can be understood by recognizing that, as chain length increases, the number of tangles present will dramatically increase. These tangles serve to reduce chain mobility. The corresponding increase in relaxation time can result in viscoelastic behavior, which is often observed in polymer melts.[11]

The blob model, explaining the entanglement of long polymer chains.

The tube model, explaining the basically one-dimensional mobility of long polymer chains.

Entangled polymers are characterized with effective internal scale, commonly known as the length of macromolecule between adjacent entanglements ${\displaystyle M_{e}}$.

Entanglements with other polymer chains restrict polymer chain motion to a thin virtual tube passing through the restrictions.[12] Without breaking polymer chains to allow the restricted chain to pass through it, the chain must be pulled or flow through the restrictions. The mechanism for movement of the chain through these restrictions is called reptation.

In the blob model,[13] the polymer chain is made up of ${\displaystyle n}$ Kuhn lengths of individual length ${\displaystyle l}$. The chain is assumed to form blobs between each entanglement, containing ${\displaystyle n_{e}}$ Kuhn length segments in each. The mathematics of random walks can show that the average end-to-end distance of a section of a polymer chain, made up of ${\displaystyle n_{e}}$ Kuhn lengths is ${\displaystyle d=l{\sqrt {n_{e}}}}$. Therefore if there are ${\displaystyle n}$ total Kuhn lengths, and ${\displaystyle A}$ blobs on a particular chain:

${\displaystyle A={\dfrac {n}{n_{e}}}}$

The total end-to-end length of the restricted chain ${\displaystyle L}$ is then:

${\displaystyle L=Ad={\dfrac {nl{\sqrt {n_{e}}}}{n_{e}}}={\dfrac {nl}{\sqrt {n_{e}}}}}$

This is the average length a polymer molecule must diffuse to escape from its particular tube, and so the characteristic time for this to happen can be calculated using diffusive equations. A classical derivation gives the reptation time ${\displaystyle t}$:

${\displaystyle t={\dfrac {l^{2}n^{3}\mu }{n_{e}kT}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \mu }$ is the coefficient of friction on a particular polymer chain, ${\displaystyle k}$ is Boltzmann's constant, and ${\displaystyle T}$ is the absolute temperature.

The linear macromolecules reptate if the length of macromolecule ${\displaystyle M}$ is bigger than ten times ${\displaystyle M_{e}}$. There is no reptation motion for polymers with ${\displaystyle M<10M_{e}}$, so that the point ${\displaystyle 10M_{e}}$ is a point of dynamic phase transition.

Due to the reptation motion the coefficient of self-diffusion and conformational relaxation times of macromolecules depend on the length of macromolecule as ${\displaystyle M^{-2}}$ and ${\displaystyle M^{3}}$, correspondingly.[14][15] The conditions of existence of reptation in the thermal motion of macromolecules of complex architecture (macromolecules in the form of branch, star, comb and others) have not been established yet.

The dynamics of shorter chains or of long chains at short times is usually described by the Rouse model.

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