Richard Wetherill

Richard Wetherill (1858–1910), a member of a prominent Colorado ranching family, was an amateur explorer in the discovery, research and excavation of sites associated with the Ancient Pueblo People. He is credited with the discovery of Cliff Palace in Mesa Verde and was responsible for initially selecting the term Anasazi, Navajo for ancient enemies, as the name for these ancient people.[1] He also discovered Kiet Seel ruin, now included, along with Betatakin ruin, in Navajo National Monument in northeastern Arizona. "Slightly smaller than Cliff Palace, Kiet Seel possesses qualities that, in the eyes of some, lend it greater charm and interest."[2] Wetherill became fascinated by the ruins and artifacts and made a career as an explorer, guide, excavator and trading post operator.

Mesa Verde
The Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde
photo by Gustaf Nordenskiöld, 1891

On December 18, 1888, Richard Wetherill and Charlie Mason, ranchers from Mancos, found Cliff Palace in Mesa Verde after spotting the ruins from the top of the mesa. Wetherill gave the ruin its current name. Richard Wetherill along with his father BK Wetherill, brothers Al, John and Win, extended family, and neighbors explored a number of the ruins, digging, excavating, cataloging, photographing, and gathering artifacts. The Wetherills sold their finds to the Historical Society of Colorado. Richard Wetherill's heirs donated a large collection to the University of New Mexico in 1954.[3] BK Wetherill's request for scientists from the Smithsonian Institution were met with little interest.

Among the people who stayed with the Wetherills to explore the cliff-dwellings was mountaineer, photographer, and author Frederick H. Chapin who visited the region during 1889 and 1890. He described the landscape and ruins in an 1890 article and later in an 1892 book, The Land of the Cliff-Dwellers, which he illustrated with hand-drawn maps and personal photographs. The Wetherills also hosted Gustaf Nordenskiöld, the son of polar explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, in 1891. Nordenskiöld continued excavations begun by the Wetherills on the impressive Cliff Palace, unfortunately doing considerable damage as he dug and gathered artifacts. In 1893, Nordenskiöld published an illustrated account of his investigations called The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde.[4] Nordenskiöld made arrangements to have his artifacts sent to his home country, sparking the first lawsuit which would eventually result in the Antiquities Act. At the time the courts found they had no power to stop artifacts from being removed from the country.

Chaco Canyon

Wetherill's impact on the preservation, excavation and use of the Chaco Canyon is still a source of contention. In 1896, Wetherill, and the Hyde Exploring Expedition undertook massive excavation operations in the Chaco. Under the leadership of George Pepper on behalf of the HEE, Pueblo Bonito and several other ruins were excavated. Some accuse Weatherill of looting and selling artifacts. Some of the artifacts were sent to the American Museum of Natural History. Eventually Richard set up a trading post, post office and homestead next to Pueblo Bonito. According to Joseph Schmedding (Cowboy and Indian Trader, UNM Press 1951) Weatherill ran an extensive horse ranch in Chaco Canyon that included barns, his home, shops, quarters for many workers, and corrals from the 1890s until his death. Weatherill sold horses he got from Navajo breeders in Albuquerque and the horses were shipped all over the US. In trading with the Navajo the Wetherills eventually opened trading posts across the Four Corners region and sold Navajo rugs in such faraway outlets as New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. Eventually Richard filed a homestead claim, at the urging of the HEE, that included Pueblo Bonito, Pueblo del Arroyo, and Chetro Ketl.[5] to preserve the ruins from destruction and competing expeditions.

In 1905 Richard, his brother Win, and his wife Marietta built an exhibition at the St. Louis World's Fair, bringing 16 Navajos with them. In 1907 Richard gladly relinquished his claim on the ruins in Chaco Canyon, contingent on its becoming a National Park.[5] President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed "Chaco Canyon National Monument" on March 11, 1907.

Death

Richard Wetherill remained in Chaco Canyon, homesteading and operating a trading post at Pueblo Bonito until his controversial murder by gunshot in 1910.[5] Depending on the source, Wetherill's death was murder in cold blood by a Navajo Indian debtor or the manipulation of the local Indian Agent against the Wetherills due to political factors over the use of the Canyon. The agent, Statcher, wanted to dam the canyon for water, fence both ends for grazing and build an Indian School (a forced "Americanizing" of the natives) among the ruins. Local Navajo Chiishchilí Biyeʼ‚ charged with his murder, served several years in prison, but was released in 1914 due to poor health.[5] Wetherill and his wife Marietta are buried in the small cemetery west of Pueblo Bonito along with several Navajos. The cemetery lies just over a hundred meters west of Bonito behind a wooden fence.

Footnotes
  1. http://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/fo/ahc/who_were_the_anasazi.html#who
  2. Frank McNitt, Richard Wetherill: Anasazi, Albuquerque, 1966, p. 82.
  3. http://wetherillfamily.com/marietta_wetherill Marietta Wetherill page on family url
  4. Fletcher, Maurine S. (editor and annotator) 1977, The Wetherills of the Mesa Verde: Autobiography of Benjamin Alfred Wetherill. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  5. "A Brief History of Chaco Culture National Historical Park". National Park Service. May 15, 2000. Archived from the original on 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2013-11-17.

References
  • Chapin, F. H. The Land of the Cliff-Dwellers. Appalachian Mountain Club, W. B. Clarke and Co., Boston, 1892. Reprinted by University of Arizona Press (1988, ISBN 0816510520)
  • Cordell, Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ISBN 0-89599-038-5.
  • McNitt, F. Richard Wetherill: Anasazi. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1966.
  • O'Niel, Zora "Moon New Mexico." Avalon Travel, 2007
  • Nordenskiöld, Gustaf. Ruiner af Klippboningar I Mesa Verde's Cañons, Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söners, 1893. Translated by D. Llyod Morgan as The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, Southwestern Colorado: Their Pottery and Implements. Norstedt and Soner, Stockholm and Chicago, 1893. Reprinted in 1979 by the Rio Grande Press, Glorieta, New Mexico.
  • Wetherill, B. A. The Wetherill's of Mesa Verde. Autobiography of Benjamin Alfred Wetherill. Edited and annotated by Maurine S. Fletcher, Associated University Press, Cranberry, New Jersey and London, 1977.
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