Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallipoli

The Diocese of Gallipoli (Latin: Dioecesis Gallipolitana) was a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in the province of Apulia in southern Italy. It was erected in the 6th century. On September 30, 1986, the diocese was suppressed, and its territory merged into the Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli.[1][2]

History

In the Synecdemus of Hierocles of the time of the Emperor Justinian (527–565), Gallipoli is listed as a suffragan bishopric of the metropolitan of Sancta Severina.[3] At the end of the century, however, it is clear from letters of Pope Gregory I (590–604) that the bishop of Gallipoli was subject to his jurisdiction.[4]

In 663, following the defeat of the Byzantine armada of Constans II at Benevento, which was trying to destroy the Lombard duchy of Benevento, the Lombards took control of southeastern Italy and became overlords of Gallipoli. Previous to that date, Gallipoli had been part of the Byzantine empire.[5] The Lombards also finally destroyed the city of Ravenna in 751, and the Exarchate of Ravenna ceased to exist. The surviving Greek territories were grouped under the Theme of Sicily, governed by a Strategos. A letter of Pope Adrian I (772–795) indicates that Gallipoli belonged to that Byzantine theme.[6]

When the Lombards were driven out in the Byzantine reconquest of southern Italy, the Church of Gallipoli returned to its obedience to the Greek Metropolitan of Santa Severina. This is the situation in the Diatyposis of Leo IV (c. 900).[7]

The attacks of the Normans in the area began in 1055. The Greeks were forced to withdraw from Apulia, and Gallipoli was incorporated by the Normans of Sicily in 1071. Duke Roger granted Apulia to his brother Bohemund, who became the prince of Taranto and lord of Gallipoli.[8] This brought Gallipoli back into contact with the Roman Church.[9]

The Liber Censuum of the Roman Church, which was compiled beginning in 1192, includes the diocese of Gallipoli as a suffragan of the archdiocese of Otranto. In the archdiocese of Otranto, payments are owed by the Church of S. Maria de Nardò, and by the monastery of S. Nicolas de Casulis. With regard to Gallipoli, there is only the note "Est Graecus".[10] The adjective Graecus requires a noun of the masculine gender,[11] probably Episcopus. Elsewhere in the Liber Censuum there are entries for sums owed by individual bishops. Unfortunately the names and status of individual bishops of Gallipoli at the end of the 12th and first quarter of the 13th centuries are unknown.

The city of Gallipoli was completely destroyed by Charles of Anjou, King of Naples (1266–1285), and for a considerable time remained desolate. The abbot of S. Maria di Nardò exercised jurisdiction over the territory.[12] Gallipoli was nonetheless in danger, due to the Great Western Schism. In 1379, the Avignon pope, Clement VII, created the diocese of Nardò, with a bishop who had been the Abbot of S. Maria di Nardò. He was driven out in 1401 and the diocese was suppressed. But then in 1413, Pope John XXIII, who ruled in Rome, created a new diocese of Nardò in 1413, and again chose the Abbot of S. Maria di Nardò to be its bishop. In these transactions, Gallipoli lost the towns of Copertino, Galatone, Secli, Nohe, Neviano, Tuglie, Parabita, Alliste, Felline, Taviano, and Casarano, and its bishops had to spend the rest of the century defending their episcopal mensa ('property').[13] In 1463, Bishop Lodovico Spinelli obtained from the Prince of Taranto the grant of a tenth part of the baglia of Gallipoli. His successor Bishop Alfonso Spinelli obtained from King Ferdinand I the grant of a fifteenth of all the money paid into the royal customs collection agency (dogana) in Gallipoli.[14]

On 26 December 1805, Napoleon I, King of Italy, and Emperor of the French, declared Ferdinand IV deposed, and replaced him with his own brother Joseph Bonaparte on 30 March 1806. Bonaparte brought with him to Naples the policies of the French Republic and Napoleonic empire, including the abolition of all traces of feudalism, financial reform through the abolition of old taxes (like the salt tax, and the dogana) and the abolition of tax farming, and the imposition of the Code Napoleon.[15] Bishop Giovanni Dalla Croce (1792–1820) was arrested, and imprisoned in Lecce for a period of eight months.[16]

By a law of 13 February 1807, all of the houses of Benedictines or Cistercians were suppressed, and their property confiscated by the State, to be used for pensions to subsidize the transition of the monks to the condition of being secular priests. The mendicant orders were allowed to survive, and were assigned to teach in elementary schools. Property which had belonged to the suppressed Society of Jesus was confiscated, sold, and the money applied to the Monti di pietà. Any feudal dues or obligations which might have been attached to the property were abolished.[17]

Chapter and cathedral
Cathedral of S. Agata

The original cathedral was dedicated to S. John Chrysostom, probably indicating a Greek origin. A dedication to S. Agatha was added, when her relics were acquired in 1126.[18] The current cathedral was begun in 1629 by Bishop Consalvo de Rueda, with money supplied by the testament of the Chief Physician of Sicily, Giovanni Giacomo Lazari, a native of Gallipoli. The architects were Francesco Bischetimi and Scipione Lachibari.[19] The stone façade was completed by Bishop Antonio della Lastra in 1696.[20] The choir was finished and roofed, the high altar was placed, and decorations were installed by Bishop Orazio Filomarini, and dedicated on 1 May 1726.[21] The tower received a bell in 1744, a second in 1790, and a third in 1804.[22]

The cathedral was administered by a corporation of clergy called a Chapter. When the cathedral was in the hands of the Greeks, the Chapter was composed of two dignities (the Archpriest and the Archdeacon) and twelve Canons.[23] Under the Roman rite, introduced by Bishop Alessio Zelodano in 1513,[24] the Chapter received an additional four Canons, making a corporation of eighteen members. Later, it was composed of ten dignities and nine Canons.[25] The dignities were: the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, the Dean, the Cantor, the Provost, the Treasurer, the first Primicerius, the second Primicerius, and the vice-Treasurer.[26] In 1679 and in 1747, there were seven dignities and nine Canons.[27]

The erection of a seminary was begun in 1751, by Bishop Serafino Branconi (1747–1759), the brother of Marchese Branconi, Secretary of State of the Kingdom of Naples. It stood next to the episcopal palace and was connected to it by internal passages. It had accommodations for thirty students. Shortly after the seminary was completed (1759), the Bishop's brother died, and the Bishop chose to resign. He reserved to himself an annual pension of 800 ducats, which he ordered to be distributed to the poor.[28]

Bishop Antonio La Scala (27 Sep 1852 – 27 Sep 1858) conducted a diocesan synod in the cathedral from 18–20 March 1855.[29]

End of the independent diocese

On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat, which was accompanied in the next year by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. Otherwise Nardò and Gallipoli might have shared a bishop, as the Bishop of Nardo e Gallipoli. Instead, the Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese. On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Nardò and Gallipoli be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Neritonensis-Gallipolitana. The seat of the diocese was to be in Nardò, and the cathedral of Nardò was to serve as the cathedral of the merged diocese. The cathedral in Galllipoli was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapter was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Nardò, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former dioceses of Nardò and of Gallipoli.[30]

Bishops of Gallipoli

to 1700
...
  • Dominicus (attested 551)[31]
...
  • Joannes (attested 593, 595)[32]
  • Sabinianus (attested 599)[33]
...
  • Melchisedec (attested 787)[34]
...
  • Paulus (attested 1081)[35]
...
  • Baldricus (attested 1105)[36]
...
  • Theodosius (1158–1173)[37]
...
  • Cardinal Conrad von Wittelsbach (attested 1179) Apostolic Administrator[38]
  • Pantaleon (c.1220–c.1250)[39]
...
  • Miletius (1329–1331)[40]
  • Paulus (1331– ? )[41]
...
  • Petrus (attested 1348)[42]
...
  • Dominicus (d. 1379 ? )
  • Hugolinus (1379–1383) Avignon Obedience[43]
  • Joannes da Nerone, O.Min. (1383–1396) Avignon Obedience[44]
  • Guglielmus, O.Min. (1396–c.1421)[45]
  • Angelo Corposanto, O.P. (1421–1424)
  • Donato da Brindisi, O.Min. (1424–1443)
  • Antonius de Neotero, O.Min. (1443–1445)[46]
  • Petrus Theodori (1445–1451?)[47]
  • Antonellus de Joannetto, O.Min. (1451–1452)[48]
  • Ludovicus Spinelli (1458–1487)[49]
  • Alfonso Spinelli (1487–1493)[50]
  • Franciscus (1493–1494)[51]
  • Alessio Celadoni di Celadonia (1494 – 1508)[52]
  • Enrique de Aragón (6 Aug 1508 – 24 Aug 1509 Died)
  • Cardinal Francisco de Remolins (9 Sep 1513 – 5 Feb 1518 Died) Administrator[53]
  • Cardinal Andrea della Valle (18 Feb 1518 – 17 Oct 1524 Resigned) Administrator[54]
  • Jerónimo Muñoz (17 Oct 1524 – 1529 Resigned)[55]
  • Federico Petrucci (27 Aug 1529 – 1536 Resigned)[56]
  • Pellegrino Cibo de Turcilla (4 Aug 1536 – 1540 Died)[57]
  • Giovanni Francesco Cibo (1540 – 1575 Died)[58]
  • Alfonso Herrera, O.S.A. (1576–1585)[59]
  • Sebastián Quintero Ortiz (1586–1595 Resigned)[60]
  • Vincenzo Capece, C.R. (8 Jan 1596 – 6 Dec 1620 Died)[61]
  • Gonzalo de Rueda (23 May 1622 – 1651 Died)[62]
  • Andrea Massa (25 Sep 1651 – 30 Dec 1654 Died)[63]
  • Giovanni Montoja de Cardona (9 Jun 1659 – 9 Mar 1667 Died)[64]
  • Antonio del Buffalo, O.F.M. (14 May 1668 – 25 Sep 1677 Died)[65]
  • Antonio Pérez de la Lastra (6 Feb 1679 – 14 Jan 1700 Died)[66]

since 1700
  • Oronzio Filomarini, C.R. (1700–1741 Resigned)[67]
  • Antonio Maria Pescatori, O.F.M. Cap. (6 Mar 1741 – 14 Jan 1747 Died)[68]
  • Serafino Branconi, O.S.B.Celest. (1747–1759)[69]
  • Ignazio Savastano (1759–1769)[70]
  • Agostino Gervasio, O.S.A. (29 Jan 1770 – 17 Nov 1784 Resigned)[71]
  • Giovanni Giuseppe D'Anisi Dalla Croce, O.E.S.A.Descalc. (27 Feb 1792 – 13 Dec 1820 Died)[72]
  • Giuseppe Maria Botticelli, O.F.M. (19 Apr 1822 – 23 Jun 1828 Confirmed, Bishop of Lacedonia)
Sede vacante (1828–1832)[73]

See also

References
  1. "Diocese of Gallipoli" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  2. "Diocese of Gallipoli" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  3. Gustav Parthey, ed. (1866). Hieroclis Synecdemus et notitiae graecae episcopatuum. Accedunt Nili Doxapatrii notitia patriarchatuum et locorum nomina immutata (in Greek). Berlin: Nicolai. pp. 126, line 656. Kehr, p. 428.
  4. Kehr, pp. 428-429.
  5. Ravenna, pp. 155-156.
  6. Ravenna, pp. 157-159.
  7. H. Gelzer, ed. (1890). Georgii Cyprii descripto orbis Romani: accedit Leonis imperatoris Diatyposis genuina adhuc inedita (in Greek and Latin). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. p. 82, line 1762. Cf. Kehr, p. 408.
  8. Ravenna, pp. 171-172.
  9. Horace Kinder Mann (1910). The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. Volume 6. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 307–308.
  10. P. Fabre; L. Duchesne (1905). Le Liber censuum de l'église romaine (in French and Latin). Tome 1. Paris: A. Fontemoing. p. 29.
  11. Thus dioecesis (feminine}, ecclesia (feminine) and monasterium (neuter) are excluded. A possibility might be ritus (masculine), but the relevance of the Greek rite to payments owed is not clear.
  12. Ravenna, pp. 430-431. Ravenna claims that the time interval was more than a century. But a new bishop was approved by the Holy See within 70 years.
  13. Ravenna, pp. 430-431.
  14. Ravenna, p. 433.
  15. Federigo Sclopis (1864). Storia della legislazione italiana di Federigo Sclopis (in Italian). Volume III. Unione Tipografico-Editrice.
  16. Ravenna, p. 502.
  17. Sclopis, p. 522.
  18. Ravenna, pp. 316-326.
  19. Ravenna, p. 327.
  20. Ravenna, p. 336.
  21. Ravenna, p. 335.
  22. Ravenna, p. 336.
  23. Cataldi, p. 252 column 1.
  24. Ravenna, p. 339-341.
  25. Ravenna, p. 342.
  26. Cappelletti, p. 328.
  27. Ritzler-Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 208, note 1; VI, p. 222, note 1.
  28. Ravenna, p. 495-496.
  29. Antonio La Scala (1856). Synodus dioecesana [illustrissimi et reverendissimi domini d.] Antonii La Scala: Dei et apostolicae sedis gratia episcopi Gallipolitani quam ordine secundam sub invocatione immaculatae beatissimae virginis Mariae in cathedrali ecclesia celebravit diebus 18, 19 et 20 Martii 1855 episcopatus sui anno III ; Pio papa IX. pontifice maximo Ferdinande II. feliciter regnante ; Adjiciuntur veluti appendices in fine utilia scituque digna ; Die 19 Martii 1856 accessit Regium Beneplacitum Typis edendi (in Latin). Naples: Excudebat Caietanus Nobile.
  30. Acta Apostolicae Sedis 79 (Città del Vaticano 1987), pp. 755-758.
  31. Bishop Dominicus was in Constantinople with Pope Vigilius in 551, and subscribed the condemnation of Bishop Theodorus of Cesarea Cappadociae. Ughelli, Italia sacra IX, p. 100. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus IX (Florence: A. Zatta 1763), p. 60. Lanzoni, p. 317.
  32. Bishop Joannes was already dead by November 595. Lanzoni, p. 317.
  33. Lanzoni, p. 317. Troya distinguishes between Sabinus (a bishop of Otranto) and Sabinianus, bishop of Gallipoli. Carlo Troya (1852). Codice diplomatico longobardo dal DLXVIII al DCCLXXIV: con note storiche osservazioni e dissertazioni (in Italian and Latin). Vol IV, parte 1. Napoli: Stamperia royale. pp. 447–453. Lanzoni, p. 317, appears to consider Sabinus and Sabinianus as alternative names for the same person.
  34. Bishop Melchisedec was present at the second Council of Nicaea in 787. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XII (Florence: A. Zatta 1766), p. 1100.
  35. Paulus had been a monk in the Basilian monastery of S. Leucius in Nardò. His name is recorded in a donation to that monastery in 1081: "Paulus episcopus Callipolis [sic] in hac sancta mansione in antiqua ecclesia presbyter." (The antiqua ecclesia refers to the subordination to the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople) Ughelli-Coleti, pp. 100-101. Cappelletti, XXI, p. 328.
  36. On 15 March 1105, Bishop Baldricus subscribed to a grant of several slaves to the Church of Nardò, by Constance, wife of Baldwin of Antioch, the daughter of King Philip I of France. Ughelli, p. 101. Kehr, p. 428 (with wrong year: 1111 was in Indiction 4, the document was in Indiction 8).
  37. Theodosius (or Theodorus): Ughelli, p. 101. Gams, p. 882 column 1. G. A. Loud (2007). The Latin Church in Norman Italy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245–247. ISBN 978-1-107-32000-0.
  38. Ughelli IX, p. 101. J. P. Migne (ed.) Patrologiae Latinae Tomus C (Paris: J.P. Migne 1855), p. 1228: "Ego Conradus Gallipolitanae Ecclesiae humilis minister, Sabinensis Episcopus". (He was also Archbishop of Mainz, from which he was exiled, and Archbishop of Salzburg)
  39. Kamp, p. 728.
  40. Miletius: Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 259. Gams, p. 882, gives the dates 1328–1330, and calls him Melisius.
  41. Paulus had been Abbot of the Basilian monastery of S. Salvatore, Gallipoli. He became bishop on 15 October 1331. Ughelli, p. 102.
  42. Bishop Petrus is attested in a legal document of April 1348, dealing with a legal suit between him and Abbot Bartholomew and his convent. Bishop Petrus followed the Greek rite. Ughelli, p. 102.
  43. Hugolinus was the Dean of the cathedral Chapter. He was elected by the Canons, and provided by Pope Clement VII, whose obedience prevailed in the Kingdom of Naples in that year. Eubel I, p. 259.
  44. Joannes was appointed Bishop of Nardo by Clement VII on 1 June 1383. He evidently made his peace with the Roman Obedience, since he was transferred to the diocese of Lacedogna by Pope Boniface IX on 23 January 1396; he was, however, removed from his seat c. 1399. Eubel I, pp. 259, 294.
  45. Guglielmus had been Bishop of Lacedogna, appointed by Boniface IX in 1392. He exchanged seats with Bishop Joannes de Nerone. Gallipoli seems to have been the richer see. Eubel I, pp. 259, 294.
  46. Antonio was appointed on 20 March 1443 by Pope Eugenius IV. He was transferred to the diocese of Motula on 23 July 1445, in a transaction that brought Bishop Petrus of Motula to Gallipoli. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 157, 197.
  47. A priest of the diocese of Taranto, Petrus was named Bishop of Motula on 19 June 1419 by Pope Martin V. He was transferred to the diocese of Gallipoli on 23 July 1445. Eubel I, p. 353; II, p. 157.
  48. Bishop Antonellus was transferred to the diocese of Andria on 20 September 1452. Eubel II, p. 88 (Eubel apparently forgot to include him among the bishops of Gallipoli at p. 157). Gams, p. 882 column 1, states that he was appointed to Gallipoli on 8 October 1451.
  49. A native of Nardò, Spinelli had been a Canon of Nardò. He was appointed Bishop of Gallipoli on 28 April 1458 by Pope Calixtus III. He obtained for his church a grant of a tenth of the baillage of Gallipoli from Giovanni Antonio Orsini and his wife Anna Colonna, the Prince and Princess of Taranto; the grant was ratified by King Ferdinand I of Naples on 10 December 1463. Ughelli, Italia sacra IX, pp. 103-105. Gams, p. 882 column 1.
  50. Alfonso Spinelli was the brother of his predecessor Ludovicus Spinelli, and a Canon of the cathedral Chapter of Gallipoli. Ughelli, Italia sacra IX, p. 105. Gams, p. 882 column 1.
  51. Bishop Franciscus was present at the coronation of King Alfonso II of Naples on 2 May 1494. Ughelli, Italia sacra VII, pp. 263-264; IX, p. 105. Gams, p. 882 column 1.
  52. Celadoni was said, by Ughelli and Cappelletti, to have been a Lacedaemonian (Lacedonian? Celadonian?). He said to have been a disciple of Cardinal Bessarion (made a cardinal in 1439 and died in 1472), and had been the preceptor of the two sons of King Ferdinand I of Naples, born in 1448 and 1452. He was appointed Bishop of Gallipoli on 12 December 1494. On 7 Jun 1508 Bishop Alessio Zelodano was appointed Bishop of Molfetta by Pope Julius II. Ughelli, pp. 105-106. Cappelletti, p. 330. Eubel II, p. 157.
  53. Remolins: Eubel III, p. 201.
  54. "Andrea Cardinal Della Valle" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Eubel III, p. 201.
  55. Muñoz had been the Abbot of the Basilian monastery of Squillace, which he retained during his episcopate. Ughelli, p. 106. Cappelletti, p. 330. Eubel III, p. 201.
  56. Petrucci: Eubel III, p. 201.
  57. Cibo: Eubel III, p. 201.
  58. Giovanni Cibo: Eubel III, p. 201.
  59. Herrera was appointed Bishop of Gallipoli on 30 July 1576, by Pope Gregory XIII on the recommendation of King Philip II of Spain. On 25 February 1585 Herrera was presented by King Philip and appointed Bishop of Ariano by Pope Gregory XIII. Ughelli, pp. 106-107. Eubel III, pp. 117 with note 6; 201.
  60. Ortiz was appointed Bishop of Gallipoli on 7 February 1586, on the recommendation of King Philip II of Spain. Ughelli, p. 107, and Cappelletti, p. 330, describe Ortiz as a simple man, not suited to the office of a bishop, who, after eight years, was given the suggestion to resign. He did so and returned to his native Spain. Eubel III, p. 201.
  61. Ughelli, p. 107. Eubel III, p. 201. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 192.
  62. Rueda: Gauchat IV, p. 192.
  63. Massa: Gauchat IV, p. 192.
  64. Cardona: Gauchat IV, p. 192.
  65. Buffalo: Gauchat IV, p. 192.
  66. Ritzler-Sefrin Hierarchia catholica V, p. 208.
  67. Filomarini, the brother of the Duke of Cutrofiano, was born in Naples in 1662. He became Provost of the Collegiate Church of S. Eligio in Capua. He was nominated to the diocese of Gallipoli by the King of Spain, and preconised (approved) on 28 May 1700 by Pope Innocent XII. He was consecrated in Rome on 31 May by Cardinal Niccolò Radulovich. He spent a great deal of time and money decorating the cathedral. He resigned on 5 March 1741, due to advanced age and inability to carry on his duties, and died in Naples in 1744. Ravenna, pp. 484-488. Ritzler-Sefrin V, p. 208 with note 5.
  68. Pescatori: Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 222 with note 2.
  69. Branconi was born in Naples in 1710, of the family of the Marchesi Branconi. He was secretary of the head of his Congregation for four years. On 10 February 1747 he was nominated by the King of the two Sicilies as Bishop of Gallipoli, and preconised (approved) by Pope Benedict XIV on 10 April. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Portocarrero on 16 April. He built the seminary in Gallipoli. He resigned on the death of his brother the Marquis, on 27 January 1759, and was appointed titular Bishop of Thebes on 12 February 1759, and allowed to retain the monastery of S. Benedetto in Salerno in commendam. He died on 15 August 1774. Ravenna, pp. 495-496. Ritzler-Sefrin VI, pp. 222 with note 3; 400 with note .
  70. Savastano was a native of Naples, and a Canon of S. Gennaro. He had two brothers who were Jesuits, one of whom was Confessor to Queen Maria Amalia, the wife of Charles III of Naples. He held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Naples (1730). On 7 April 1759 he was nominated Bishop of Gallipoli by King Charles III, and was preconised (approved) on 28 May 1759 by Pope Clement XIII. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Henry Stuart on 4 June. He died on 6 September 1769, of a malignant tumor. Ravenna, pp. 497-499. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 222 with note 4.
  71. Gervasio: Ravenna, p. 500. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 223 with note 5.
  72. Dalla Croce: Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 223 with note 6.
  73. Ravenna, p. 504.
  74. Ravenna, pp. 504-507.
  75. Giove had already been Bishop of Bove. He was transferred to the diocese of Gallipoli on the recommendation of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies by Pope Gregory XVI on 19 December 1834. He died on 24 June 1848. Ravenna, pp. 507-510.

Bibliography

Reference for bishops

Studies

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