SS Augusta Victoria (1888)

Albert Ballin commissioned Augusta Victoria and her sister ship Columbia in 1887, soon after joining the Hamburg America Line as head of passenger service.[2][3] Augusta Victoria, the first to be put in service, was originally to have been called Normannia but was renamed for the Empress after Wilhelm II became Emperor.[4][5] In the 1890s the line added the larger Normannia and SS Fürst Bismarck to the series.[6] Augusta Victoria was the first continental European liner with twin screws,[n 1] which made her both faster and more reliable.[2][7] (The two previous twin-screw liners were the British-built City of New York and City of Paris of the Inman Line.[8]) In May 1889, her maiden voyage to New York broke a record, taking only seven days.[6][9][10][n 2] In November 1889, Nellie Bly sailed to Southampton on the Augusta Victoria on the first leg of her 72-day race around the world.[11]

She was also the first luxury liner at Hamburg America, introducing the concept of the "floating hotel";[2] she had "a rococo stairhall, illuminated by a milky way of pear-shaped prisms and naked light bulbs clutched by gilded cherubs, a reception court choked by palm trees and a dark and gothic smoking room."[12][13] Ballin had her interior design work done by Johann Poppe, the designer at Hamburg America's rival line, North German Lloyd, whose ships already had a reputation for elegance.[14] She was immediately successful, but she and her sister ship were an economic drain on the line because they required more coal than slower ships and could not carry much freight or many steerage passengers and were therefore profitable only in the summer season, and it was risky to operate them at all from Hamburg in very bad weather, when the Elbe was packed with ice.[15]

Off-season pleasure cruises were therefore started in 1891,[4] and Augusta Victoria's cruise in the Mediterranean and the Near East from 22 January to 22 March 1891, with 241 passengers including the Ballins themselves,[16] is often stated to have been the first ever cruise.[n 3] Christian Wilhelm Allers published an illustrated account of it as Backschisch (Baksheesh). However, the British Orient Line had offered cruises in the late 1880s.[17][18]

In 1897, the ship underwent a comprehensive rebuilding at Harland & Wolff in Belfast arriving in the graving dock 19 December 1896. She was lengthened by 61 ft (18.6 m), her tonnage increased, and her speed increased by half a knot, and the middle of her three masts was removed.[4][19] The new section was to be inserted between the second and third boiler compartments with an additional boiler inserted to total nine. Part of the original forward boiler compartment would be converted to staterooms.[20] Her name was also changed to Auguste Victoria to correct an original inaccuracy; the Empress spelt her name with an e.[5][21]

While Augusta Victoria was under construction, the Emperor persuaded both Hamburg America and its rival Norddeutscher Lloyd to make their future liners convertible to auxiliary cruisers in time of war. Like all German fast liners built from then until 1914, she therefore had reinforced decks which could support gun platforms.[22] In 1904 she and the other three ships in the series were sold to the Russian Navy; she was renamed Kuban and became a cruiser,[5][6] but was assigned to be a scout ship. She sailed in the Far East with Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky's fleet in the Russo-Japanese War, but did not see action.[23] She was broken up at Stettin in 1907.[5][6]

Gallery

Augusta Victoria docked at Piraeus on her first cruise, from C.W. Allers' Backschisch

Auguste Victoria around 1900 after her rebuild