Saimaa ringed seal

The Saimaa ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis, Finnish: Saimaannorppa) is a subspecies of ringed seal (Pusa hispida). They are among the most endangered seals in the world, having a total population of only about 400 individuals.[2] The only existing population of these seals is found in Lake Saimaa, Finland (hence the name). They have lived in complete isolation from other ringed seal species for around 9,500 years and have diverged into a morphologically and ecologically different subspecies of ringed seal.[3] The population is descended from ringed seals that were separated from the rest when the land rose after the last ice age. This seal, along with the Ladoga seal and the Baikal seal, is one of the few living freshwater seals.

Saimaa ringed seal
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Clade: Pinnipediformes
Clade: Pinnipedia
Family: Phocidae
Genus: Pusa
Species:
P. hispida
Subspecies:
P. h. saimensis
Trinomial name
Pusa hispida saimensis
(Nordquist, 1899)
Synonyms
Phoca hispida saimensis

Distribution

Habitat

The habitat of the Saimaa ringed seal is Lake Saimaa, Finland. The lake spans a circumference of approximately 180 km x 140 km and It has an area of 443 sq mi (1,147 km2)[4] and is relatively shallow, averaging about 12m deep and has a max depth of 85 m.[3] Lake Saimaa contains approximately 13,000 islands and has over 14,850 km of shoreline.[3] The freshwater lake freezes over between the months of November and May, leaving the seals both an ice habitat and open water habitat.[5] The freezing and the lake's natural architecture create a labyrinth-like habitat for the seals. During summer months when the ice is melted, these islands provide ample space for the seals to molt and breed.

Range

Saimaa ringed seals are named as such due to their only habitat being Lake Saimaa, Finland. Thus, their range is restricted only to the waters of Lake Saimaa and its and surrounding banks.

Appearance
A stuffed Saimaa ringed seal at the Finnish Museum of Natural History.

An adult Saimaa ringed seal is between 85 and 160 centimetres (2.79 and 5.25 ft) in length and weighs between 50 and 90 kilograms (110 and 200 lb); males usually being larger than females. They are coloured dark gray, with a gray-black dorsal with circular white rings. The bottom is light gray. The Saimaa ringed seal is darker in color than other ringed seals.

Diet

The Saimaa ringed seal does not have an incredibly varied diet. They are generalist feeders and eat exclusively fish.[6] The fish consumed consist primarily of small schooling fish averaging 8.6 cm in length and up to 21 cm in length,[6] while it has been shown that the pups eat slightly smaller fish than the average.[6] The majority of their diet consists of vendace, smelt, perch and roach.[7] The pups’ diet varies markedly from the adults in that their diet consists primarily of perch and roach found in the shallow water[8] where they spend most of their time in their earlier months while the adults consume more vendace and smelt.

It was believed for a long time that the Saimaa ringed seal was competing with the commercial and recreational fishing industries and there were bounties paid on them until the 1940s.[6] However it has recently been proven that the Saimaa ringed seal has minimal to no effect on the fishing industry. They do not prey on the local endangered salmon species (Salmo salar m. Sebago, S. trutta m. lacustris, and Salvelinus alpines)[6] and although they do prey on the valuable vendace population, the proportion of the vendace population to the amount consumed by the seals indicates that they do not compete with the local fishing industries.[6]

Behavior

Reproduction

Saimaa ringed seals have a gender ratio of 1:1 and become mature between the ages of 4 and 6. Their pregnancy rate is between 80 and 95 percent. Ringed seals' gestation lasts 11 months. Their pups are between 55 and 65 centimetres (1.80 and 2.13 ft), and 4 to 5 kilograms (8.8 to 11.0 lb) at birth. The Saimaa ringed seal's longevity is just over 20 years.

A study conducted from 1980-84 revealed that Saimaa ringed seals make burrowed dens close to the shore and they reproduce once a year due to their longevity.[9]

Saimaa ringed seals have two kinds of lairs or dens; they have a haul out lair where no breeding takes place, and the breeding lair. Breeding lairs are located closer to the shore than haul out dens.[10]

Diving

Diving is an important behavior for aquatic mammals as it is something they rely on for behaviors such as foraging and travelling. The duration of their dives increases from spring to autumn, which may be a result of food availability, but is interesting because they are one of the few land locked seal species.[11] Many studies have been done to observe Saimaa ringed seal diving, and has been discovered to last longer than expected. Their average time for a long dive was recorded to last for 15 min and was believed to be an aerobic resting dive.[5]

The average dive depth ranges from 10 to 15 m, however, their maximum dive depths were limited by environmental depth.[5] The saimaa ringed seal has also been observed to have seasonal hauling-out patterns. In May and June, when the seals are molting, they are observed to haul out both day and night, however, in late summer they are observed to haul out only at night.[11]

The saimaa ringed seal is able to complete its dives and navigate in its environment due to its highly developed vibrissae, also known as whiskers. Using their vibrissae they are able to detect sound and pressure waves in their otherwise dark environment.[12]

Saimaa ringed seal featured on the Finnish 5 markka coin.

Conservation

The Saimaa ringed seal has been protected since 1955. In 1983, the population was between 100 and 150 seals. In 2005, it was about 270, but as a result of two unfavorable breeding seasons, 2006 and 2007, the number dropped down to 260. In 2013 the population was estimated at just over 300 and the population numbers were in a slight growth. The number of breeding-aged females was 87.[13] It is thought that the immediate threat of extinction would be alleviated if the population grew to over 400 individuals. It is listed as endangered by the U.S. government under the Endangered Species Act.

In spring 2016, 79 pups were found, four of which were dead.[14]

In order to protect the Saimaa ringed seal, there are voluntary fisheries restrictions in a part of their living areas. The most important form of restriction is a ban on fishing nets from April 15 to the end of June in about 15% of the lake; nearly all fishing is recreational. Bycatch mortality has, however, remained high with estimated mortality of 20–30 seals annually, most of them pups of the same year.

In 2010 the European Union required Finland to do more to protect the seals, particularly from net fishing.[15] To reduce the by-catch mortality of seals aged over one year, the use of certain fishing methods has been banned since 2011. The banned fishing methods include strong mesh nets, large fish traps, and fish-baited hooks, in the main part of the Saimaa ringed seal's habitat.[16]

In 2016, one act and mutual agreements between authorities and owners of fishing waters replace earlier two acts. The fishing co-operatives get 1.7 euros per hectare to monitor that fishing limitations are followed. Net fishing (except of vendace nets) is forbidden between 15 April and end of June in certain areas, which have been drawn at 5 km radius from nesting sites.[17]

Breeding success of Saimaa ringed seal depends on sufficient ice and snow cover. The loss of snow and ice caused by the ongoing climate change poses a direct threat to them. Human-made snowdrifts have proved to be successful in improving seals' breeding success during winters with poor snow conditions.[18] Snowdrifts were tested for three winters, and from 2014 they have been used regularly.[19][20]

Target of the protection is to have 400 ringed seals in Saimaa by year 2020.[21]

The Saimaa ringed seal lives nowadays mainly in two Finnish national parks, Kolovesi and Linnansaari.[22] Strays have been seen in a much larger area, including Savonlinna centre.

References
  1. "Endangered and Threatened Species under NMFS' Jurisdiction" (PDF). United States Fish & Wildlife Service. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  2. "Saimaa Ringed Seal". Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  3. Palo, J.U. (2003). "Postglacial loss of microsatellite variation in the landlocked Lake Saimaa ringed seal". Conservation Genetics. 4 (2): 117–128. doi:10.1023/a:1023303109701. ISSN 1566-0621.
  4. "Lake Saimaa | lake, Finland". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  5. Kunnasranta, Mervi; Hyvärinen, Heikki; Häkkinen, Jani; Koskela, Jouni T. (March 2002). "Dive types and circadian behaviour patterns of Saimaa ringed sealsPhoca hispida saimensis during the open-water season". Acta Theriologica. 47 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1007/bf03193567. ISSN 0001-7051.
  6. Auttila M., Sinisalo T., Valtonen M., Niemi M., Viljanen M., Kurkilahti M., Kunnasranta M. Diet composition and seasonal feeding patterns of a freshwater ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis) Mar. Mamm. Sci., 31 (2015), pp. 45-65
  7. Kunnasranta M., Hyvarinen H., Sipila T. and Koskela J. T. 1999. The diet of the Saimaa ringed seal Phoca hispida saimensis. Acta Theriologica 44: 443-450.
  8. Niemi M, Auttila M, Viljanen M, Kunnasranta M. Home range, survival, and dispersal of endangered Saimaa ringed seal pups: Implications for conservation. Mar Mammal Sci. 2013;29: 1–13.
  9. "Distribution, population size and reproductivity of the Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis Nordq.) in Finland, 1980–84".
  10. Sipila, Tero (January 1990). "Lair structure and breeding habitat of the Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis Nordq.) in Finland". Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  11. Hyvarinen, Heikki; Hamalainen, Esa; Kunnasranta, Mervi (July 1995). "DIVING BEHAVIOR OF THE SAIMAA RINGED SEAL (PHOCA HISPIDA SAIMENSIS NORDQ.)". Marine Mammal Science. 11 (3): 324–334. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00288.x. ISSN 0824-0469.
  12. HYVÄRINEN, HEIKKI (August 1989). "Diving in darkness: whiskers as sense organs of the ringed seal(Phoca hispida saimensis)". Journal of Zoology. 218 (4): 663–678. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb05008.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  13. Partio, Elina (2013-09-13). "Saimaannorpan kanta kasvussa".
  14. "Saimaalta löytyi 79 kuuttia, mikä on ennätysmäärä". Maatalouden Tulevaisuus (in Finnish). 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  15. Platt, John (10 May 2010). "E.U. orders Finland to protect critically endangered seals". Scientific American (Extinction Countdown blog).
  16. "A New Protection Strategy for the Saimaa Ringed Seal, Due to Climate Change" (PDF). Metsähallitus - Natural Heritage Services, Eastern Finland. 2011. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  17. "Kalastusrajoitukset voimaan saimaannorpan suojelemiseksi". Ministry of Agriculture (in Finnish). 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  18. "Human intervention can help endangered Saimaa ringed seal adapt to climate change". Science Daily. 2015-11-05. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  19. "Apukinoksen teko norpan pesinnän suojaksi on tarkkaa puuhaa - Katso video!". Länsi-Savo (in Finnish). 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  20. "Saimaannorpan luonnonpesintä on vaarassa, apukinosten kasaamisesta päätetään pian". hs.fi (in Finnish). 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  21. "Saimaa Ringed Seal" (PDF). Metsähallitus - Natural Heritage Services, Eastern Finland. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  22. "Welcome to Linnansaari and Kolovesi National Parks". Järvisydän. 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
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