Sakuradamon Incident (1860)

The Sakuradamon Incident (桜田門外の変, Sakuradamon-gai no Hen, or 桜田門の変 Sakuradamon no Hen) was the assassination of Japanese Chief Minister (Tairō) Ii Naosuke (1815–1860) on 24 March 1860 by rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain and Satsuma Domain, outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle.

For the 1932 assassination attempt, see Sakuradamon Incident (1932).
Sakuradamon Incident
Sakuradamon incident. Detail from print
Native name 桜田門外の変
DateMarch 24, 1860 (1860-03-24)
LocationSakurada Gate
Coordinates35°40′40″N 139°45′10″E
TypeAssassination
CauseCriticized for signing the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce
ParticipantsRōnin samurai
Casualties
Ii Naosuke

Context
See also: Bakumatsu period
In 1860, Ii Naosuke was the most influential advisor to the shogunate.

Ii, a leading figure of the Bakumatsu period and a proponent of the reopening of Japan after more than 200 years of seclusion, was widely criticized for signing the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States Consul Townsend Harris and, soon afterwards, similar treaties with other Western countries.[1] From 1859, the ports of Nagasaki, Hakodate and Yokohama became open to foreign traders as a consequence of the Treaties.[2]

Ii was also criticized for reinforcing the authority of the Tokugawa shogunate against regional daimyōs through the Ansei Purge.[1] Naosuke also made strong enemies in the dispute for the succession of Shōgun Tokugawa Iesada, and because he forced retirement on his opponents, specifically the retainers of Mito, Hizen, Owari, Tosa, Satsuma and Uwajima.[3]

These policies generated strong sentiment against the Shogunate, especially among proponents of the Mito school.[4]

Assassination
The Sakuradamon gate today.

The assassination took place on 24 March 1860, on Double Third Festival where all daimyos stationed in Edo (modern Tokyo) were scheduled to enter Edo Castle for meetings. The assassins attacked Ii's entourage just outside the Castle, near the Sakuradamon (Sakurada Gate) when Ii was reaching the premises.[1] Ii had been warned about his safety, and many encouraged him to retire from office, but he refused, replying that "My own safety is nothing when I see the danger threatening the future of the country".[5]

Ii's entourage was composed of around 60 samurai guards and Ii's palanquin carriers. A total of 17 Mito rōnin ambushed Ii together with Arimura Jisaemon (Jizaemon Arimura), the lone member of the group who was not from Mito[6] since he was a samurai from Satsuma Domain.[7] While an attack at the front drew the attention of the guards, a lone assassin fired one shot into the palanquin containing Ii, with a Japanese-made Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, which had been copied from the firearms that Commodore Matthew Perry had given the shogunate as gifts. Drawing the injured and likely paralyzed Ii out, Arimura decapitated Ii and then performed seppuku.[8]

Arimura Jisaemon, on the point of committing the assassination. Woodblock print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.

The conspirators carried a manifesto on themselves, outlining the reason for their act:

While fully aware of the necessity for some change in policy since the coming of the Americans at Uraga, it is entirely against the interest of the country and a stain on the national honour to open up commercial relations with foreigners, to admit foreigners into the Castle, to conclude treaties with them, to abolish the established practice of trampling on the picture of Christ, to allow foreigners to build places of worship for the evil religion, and to allow the three Foreign Ministers to reside in the land ... Therefore, we have consecrated ourselves to be the instruments of Heaven to punish this wicked man, and we have taken on ourselves the duty of ending a serious evil, by killing this atrocious autocrat.

— Manifesto of the Sakuradamon conspirators.[9]

Accounts of the violent event were sent via ship across the Pacific to San Francisco and then sped by pony express across the American West. On June 12, 1860, The New York Times reported that Japan's first diplomatic mission to the West received the news about what had happened in Edo.[10] The assassination dealt a severe blow to the prestige of the Shogunate so that officials refused to admit Naosuke's death for a month, claiming that he was merely injured and was recuperating.[6] The minister's death was only made official in April when the office of Tairo was declared vacant.[6]

Consequences

The popular upheaval against foreign encroachment and assassination of Ii forced the Bakufu to soften its stance, and to adopt a compromise policy of kōbu gattai ("Union of the Emperor and the Shogun") suggested by Satsuma Domain and Mito Domain, in which both parties vied for political supremacy in the years to follow. This soon amplified into the violent Sonnō Jōi ("Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians") movement.[4][11] An account cited the Sakuradamon Incident ushered a decade of violence in Japan, reviving the culture of the warrior rule and warrior spirit.[8]

For the following years until the fall of Bakufu in 1868, Edo, and more generally the streets of Japan, would remain notably hazardous for Bakufu officials (see attack on Andō Nobumasa) and foreigners alike (Richardson murder), as the Sonnō Jōi movement continued to expand. According to Sir Ernest Satow: "A bloody revenge was taken on the individual [Ii], but the hostility to the system only increased with time, and in the end brought about its complete ruin".[12]

The conflict reached its resolution with the military defeat of the Shogunate in the Boshin War, and the installation of the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Despite the defeat of the Bakufu, Naosuke's positions on foreign policy and defense were favored rather than those introduced by Abe Masahiro, who was appointed to the same office later on.[13]

See also

References

Citations
  1. Watanabe, Hiroshi (2001). The Architecture of Tokyo: An Architectural History in 571 Individual Presentations. Edition Axel Menges. p. 39. ISBN 9783930698936.
  2. Satow 2006, p. 31.
  3. Satow 2006, p. 33.
  4. Morishima, Michio (21 June 1984). Why Has Japan 'Succeeded'?: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780521269032.
  5. Murdoch 1903, p. 698.
  6. O’Reilly, Sean D. (2018). Re-Viewing the Past: The Uses of History in the Cinema of Imperial Japan. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 42. ISBN 9781501336027.
  7. Murdoch 1903, p. 697.
  8. Jansen, Marius B. (2002). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 295. ISBN 0674003349.
  9. Murdoch 1903, p. 702.
  10. "The Japanese in Philadelphia". The New York Times. 12 June 1860. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  11. Tsuzuki, Chushichi (13 April 2000). The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825-1995. Oxford University Press, UK. p. 44. ISBN 9780191542459.
  12. Satow 2006, p. 34.
  13. Mass, Jeffrey P. (1993). The Bakufu in Japanese History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780804722100.

Sources
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.