Serial (literature)

In literature, a serial is a printing format by which a single larger work, often a work of narrative fiction, is published in smaller, sequential instalments. The instalments are also known as numbers, parts or fascicles, and may be released either as separate publications or within sequential issues of a periodical publication, such as a magazine or newspaper.[1]

Not to be confused with Serial (publishing).
Advertisement for Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, serialised weekly in the literary magazine All the Year Round from December 1860 to August 1861

Serialisation can also begin with a single short story that is subsequently turned into a series. Historically, such series have been published in periodicals. Popular short stories series are often published together in book form as collections.

Early history

The growth of moveable type in the 17th century prompted episodic and often disconnected narratives such as L'Astrée and Le Grand Cyrus. At that time, books remained a premium item, so to reduce the price and expand the market, publishers produced large works in lower-cost instalments called fascicles.[2] These had the added attraction of allowing a publisher to gauge the popularity of a work without incurring the expense of a substantial print run of bound volumes: if the work was not a success, no bound volumes needed to be prepared. If, on the other hand, the serialised book sold well, it was a good bet that bound volumes would sell well, too.

19th and early 20th centuries

Serialized fiction surged in popularity during Britain's Victorian era, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution.[3]:34 Most Victorian novels first appeared as installments in monthly or weekly periodicals.[3]:13 The wild success of Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, first published in 1836, is widely considered to have established the viability and appeal of the serialized format within periodical literature. During that era, the line between "quality" and "commercial" literature was not distinct.[3]:31 Other famous writers who wrote serial literature for popular magazines were Wilkie Collins, inventor of the detective novel with The Moonstone and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the Sherlock Holmes stories originally for serialization in The Strand magazine.

While American periodicals first syndicated British writers, over time they drew from a growing base of domestic authors. The rise of the periodicals like Harper's and the Atlantic Monthly grew in symbiotic tandem with American literary talent. The magazines nurtured and provided an economic sustainability for writers, while the writers helped grow the periodicals' circulation base. During the late 19th century, those that were considered the best American writers first published their work in serial form and then only later in a completed volume format.[4]:51

As a piece in Scribner's Monthly explained in 1878, "Now it is the second or third rate novelist who cannot get publication in a magazine, and is obliged to publish in a volume, and it is in the magazine that the best novelist always appears first."[4]:52 Among the American writers that wrote in serial form were Henry James and Herman Melville. A large part of the appeal for writers at the time was the broad audiences that serialization could reach, which would then grow their following for published works. One of the first significant American works to be released in serial format is Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which was published over a 40-week period by The National Era, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851 issue.

Serialization was so standard in American literature that authors from that era often built installment structure into their creative process. James, for example, often had his works divided into multi-part segments of similar length.[4]:30 The consumption of fiction during that time was different than in the 20th century. Instead of being read in a single volume, a novel would often be consumed by readers in installments over a period as long as a year, with the authors and periodicals often responding to audience reaction.[4]

In France, Alexandre Dumas and Eugène Sue were masters of the serialized genre. The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo each appeared as a feuilleton. The Count of Monte Cristo was stretched out to 139 installments. Eugène Sue's serial novel Le Juif errant increased circulation of Le Constitutionnel from 3,600 to 25,000. Production in book form soon followed and serialization was one of the main reasons that nineteenth-century novels were so long. Authors and publishers kept the story going if it was successful since authors were paid by line and by episode. Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary was serialized in La Revue de Paris in 1856.

Some writers were prolific. Alexandre Dumas wrote at an incredible pace, oftentimes writing with his partner twelve to fourteen hours a day, working on several novels for serialized publication at once. However, not every writer could keep up with the serial writing pace. Wilkie Collins, for instance, was never more than a week before publication. The difference in writing pace and output in large part determined the author's success, as audience appetite created demand for further installments.[5]

In the German-speaking countries, the serialized novel was widely popularized by the weekly family magazine Die Gartenlaube, which reached a circulation of 382,000 by 1875.[6] In Russia, The Russian Messenger serialized Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina from 1873 to 1877 and Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov from 1879 to 1880. In Poland, Bolesław Prus wrote several serialized novels: The Outpost (1885–86), The Doll (1887–89), The New Woman (1890–93), and his sole historical novel, Pharaoh (the latter, exceptionally, written entire over a year's time in 1894–95 and serialized only after completion, in 1895–96).

In addition, works in late Qing dynasty China had been serialized. The Nine-tailed Turtle was serialized from 1906 to 1910.[7] Bizarre Happenings Eyewitnessed over Two Decades was serialized in Xin Xiaoshuo (T: 新小說, S: 新小说, P: Xīn Xiǎoshuō; W: Hsin Hsiao-shuo; "New Fiction"), a magazine by Liang Qichao.[8] The first half of Officialdom Unmasked appeared in installments of Shanghai Shijie Fanhua Bao,[9] serialized there from April 1903 to June 1905.[10]

Late 20th and early-21st centuries

With the rise of broadcast—both radio and television series—in the first half of the 20th century, printed periodical fiction began a slow decline as newspapers and magazines shifted their focus from entertainment to information and news. However, some serialization of novels in periodicals continued, with mixed success.

The first several books in the Tales of the City series by Armistead Maupin appeared from 1978 as regular installments in San Francisco newspapers. Similar serial novels ran in other city newspapers, such as The Serial[11] (1976; Marin County), Tangled Lives (Boston), Bagtime (Chicago), and Federal Triangle (Washington, D.C.).[12] Starting in 1984, Tom Wolfe's The Bonfire of the Vanities, about contemporary New York City, ran in 27 parts in Rolling Stone, partially inspired by the model of Dickens. The magazine paid $200,000 for his work, but Wolfe heavily revised the work before publication as a standalone novel.[13] Alexander McCall Smith, author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series, experimented in 2004 with publishing his novel 44 Scotland Street in instalments every weekday in The Scotsman. Michael Chabon serialized Gentlemen of the Road in The New York Times Magazine in 2007.

The emergence of the World Wide Web prompted some authors to revise a serial format. Stephen King experimented with The Green Mile (1996) and, less successfully, with the uncompleted The Plant in 2000. Michel Faber allowed The Guardian to serialise his novel The Crimson Petal and the White. In 2005, Orson Scott Card serialized his out-of-print novel Hot Sleep in the first issue of his online magazine, InterGalactic Medicine Show. In 2008 McCall Smith wrote a serialized online novel Corduroy Mansions, with the audio edition read by Andrew Sachs made available at the same pace as the daily publication. In 2011, pseudonymous author Wildbow published Worm, which remains one of the most popular web serials of all time.[14][15][16]

Conversely, graphic novels became more popular in this period containing stories which were originally published in a serial format, for example Alan Moore's Watchmen.

The rise of fan fiction on the internet also follows a serial fiction style of publication, as seen on websites such as FanFiction.Net and Archive of Our Own (AO3). Aspiring authors have also used the web to publish free-to-read works in serialized format on their own websites as well as web-based communities such as LiveJournal, Fictionpress.com,[17] fictionhub,[18] and Wattpad.[19] Many of these books receive as many readers as successful novels; some have received the same number of readers as New York Times bestsellers.[20][21]

In addition, the prevalence of mobile devices made the serial format even more popular with the likes of JukePop Serials,[22] and Serial Box,[23][24] with iOS[25] and Android[26] apps that focuses entirely on curating and promoting serialized novels.

See also

References
  1. Law, Graham (2009). "Serials and the Nineteenth-Century Publishing Industry". In Brake, Laurel; Demoor, Marysa (eds.). Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism. London: Academia Press. p. 567. ISBN 9789038213408.
  2. Hagedorn, Roger (1988). "Technology and Economic Exploitation: The Serial as a Form of Narrative Presentation". Wide Angle: A Film Quarterly of Theory, Criticism and Practice. 10 (4): 4–12.
  3. Law, Graham (2000). Serializing Fiction in the Victorian Press. New York & Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-312-23574-1. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  4. Lund, Michael (1993). America's Continuing Story: An Introduction to Serial Fiction, 1850–1900. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2401-0. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
  5. Lyons, Martyn (2011). Books: A Living History. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 153–155. ISBN 9781606060834.
  6. Kirsten Belgum: "Domesticating the Reader: Women and Die Gartenlaube" in: Women in German Yearbook 9 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993) ISBN 0-8032-9754-8 pp. 92–93
  7. Wang, David Der-wei (1997). Fin-de-siècle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849–1911. Stanford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0804728454.
  8. Wu, Chien-jen; Wu, Wo-yao; Wu, Jianren (January 1, 1975). 二十年目睹之怪现状 [Bizarre Happenings Eyewitnessed over Two Decades]. Translated by Liu, Shishun. Chinese University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8047-2845-4.
  9. Holoch, Donald (January 1, 1980). "A Novel of Setting: The Bureaucrats". In Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena (ed.). The Chinese Novel at the Turn of the Century. University of Toronto Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0802054739.
  10. Doleželová-Velingerová, Milena (August 13, 2013). "Chapter 38: Fiction from the End of the Empire to the Beginning of the Republic (1897-1916)". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. Columbia University Press. p. 724. ISBN 978-0-231-52851-1.
  11. "That '70s book". Pacific Sun. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
  12. "The Press: Soap Operas Come to Print". Time. August 8, 1977. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
  13. Ragen, Brian Abel (2002). Tom Wolfe: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31383-0.
  14. Collings, Jesse. "Adam Sherman of Maynard publishes web serial". Wicked Local.
  15. "Discipline and determination pay off for webserial writer". The Star. 20 February 2014.
  16. "Wildbow is creating Web serials". Patreon.
  17. "FictionPress". www.fictionpress.com. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  18. "fictionhub". fictionhub.
  19. "Wattpad – Where stories live". www.wattpad.com. Retrieved Jun 20, 2020.
  20. "How Many Books Do You Need To Sell To Become A Bestseller?". www.bookpromotionhub.com. book promotion hub. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  21. "Thoughts: A Reflection on growth over two years". wildbow.wordpress.com. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  22. JukePop Serials
  23. "Meet a new kind of book, designed for the age of Peak TV". Vox. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
  24. "Serial Box is the Newest Medium for Series Drama". www.serialbox.com. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
  25. JukePop Serials (iOS)
  26. JukePop Serials (Android)
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