Slovene dialects

The first attempts to classify Slovenian dialects were made by Izmail Sreznevsky in the early 19th century, followed by Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (focusing on Resia, Venetian Slovenia, Cerkno, and Bled), Karel Štrekelj (focusing on the Karst), and Ivan Scheinig (focusing on Carinthia). This was followed by efforts by Ivan Grafenauer (Gail Valley), Josip Tominšek (Savinja Valley), and others. Efforts before the Second World War were spearheaded by Lucien Tesnière, Fran Ramovš, and Aleksander Isachenko, and after the war by Tine Logar and Jakob Rigler (sl).[6] Eventually, the classification proposed by Ramovš was accepted with corrections and additions by Logar and Rigler, published in 1983 as the Karta slovenskih narečij (Map of Slovenian Dialects).[7]

The division of Slovenian into dialects is based on various non-linguistic and linguistic factors. Non-linguistic factors include settlement patterns and geographical features (rivers, mountains) that helped shape various isoglosses. Linguistic factors include language contact with non-Slavic languages to some extent, phonological and prosodic elements in particular, and to a lesser extent word-formational, lexical, and inflectional elements.[7] Specifically, the primary distinguishing linguistic features are 1) preservation or loss of pitch accent, 2) reflexes of nasal *ę, nasal *ǫ, jat (ě), and the yers (ъ, ь), and 3) (to a lesser extent) vowel inventory, diphthongization, and degree and type of vowel reduction.[8]

The main regional groups are:

1. The Upper Carniolan dialect group (gorenjska narečna skupina), spoken in most of Upper Carniola and in Ljubljana. Among other features, this group is characterized by monophthongal stressed vowels, an acute semivowel, pitch accent, standard circumflex shift, and two accentual retractions with some exceptions. It features narrowing of o and e in preaccentual position, akanye (reduction of o to a) in postaccentual position, and strong syncope. There is a partial development of g to [ɣ], preservation of bilabial w, and general hardening of soft l and n.[9]
2. The Lower Carniolan dialect group (dolenjska narečna skupina), spoken in most of Lower Carniola and in the eastern half of Inner Carniola. Among other features, this group is characterized by pitch accent, extensive dipththongization (ei, ie, uo), an a-colored semivowel, shift of o > u, and partial akanye.[10]
3. The Styrian dialect group (štajerska narečna skupina), spoken in central and eastern Slovenian Styria and in the Lower Sava Valley and Central Sava Valley. Among other features, this group is characterized by loss of pitch accent, tonemically high and lengthened accented syllables, lengthening of accented short syllables, and frequent development of a > ɔ, and u > ü in the eastern part of the territory.[11]
4. The Pannonian dialect group (panonska narečna skupina), or northeastern dialect group, spoken in northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje, in the eastern areas of Slovenian Styria), and among the Hungarian Slovenes. Among other features, this group is characterized by loss of pitch accent, non-lengthened short syllables, and a new acute on short syllables.[12]
5. The Carinthian dialect group (koroška narečna skupina): spoken by Carinthian Slovenes in Austria, in Slovenian Carinthia, and in the northwestern parts of Slovenian Styria along the upper Drava Valley, and in the westernmost areas of Upper Carniola on the border with Italy. Among other features, this group is characterized by late denasalization of *ę and *ǫ, a close reflex of long yat and open reflex of short yat, lengthening of old acute syllables and short neo-acute syllables, and an e-like reflex of the long semivowel and ə-like reflex of the short semivowel.[13]
6. The Littoral dialect group (primorska narečna skupina), spoken in most of the Slovenian Littoral (except for the area around Tolmin and Cerkno, where Rovte dialects are spoken) and in the western part of Inner Carniola; it is also spoken by Slovenes in the Italian provinces of Trieste and Gorizia, and in the mountainous areas of eastern Friuli (Venetian Slovenia and Resia). This group includes very heterogeneous dialects. Among other features, it is characterized by diphthongization of yat > ie and o > uo, and late denasalization of *ę and *ǫ. The western dialects in this group have preserved pitch accent whereas the others have a non-tonal stress accent.
7. The Rovte dialect group (rovtarska narečna skupina), spoken in the mountainous areas of west-central Slovenia, on the border between the Slovenian Littoral, Upper Carniola, and Inner Carniola, in a triangle between the towns of Tolmin, Škofja Loka, and Vrhnika. Among other features, this group is characterized by shortening of long diphthongal ie and uo, akanye, and general development of g to [ɣ].[14]
8. The Mixed Kočevje subdialects (mešani kočevski govori), a catch-all category for the Slovene dialects of heterogeneous origin now spoken in the Kočevje region.

The following grouping of dialects and subdialects is based on the 1983 map of Slovene dialects by Fran Ramovš, Tine Logar, and Jakob Rigler (sl)[15] (from which the first Slovene term listed in parentheses is taken) and other sources.

• Upper Carniolan dialect group (gorenjska narečna skupina):
  • Upper Carniolan dialect (gorenjsko narečje, gorenjščina[16])
    • Eastern Upper Carniolan subdialect (vzhodnogorenjski govor, vzhodna gorenjščina[17])
  • Selca dialect (selško narečje, selščina[18])
• Lower Carniolan dialect group (dolenjska narečna skupina):
  • Lower Carniolan dialect (dolenjsko narečje, dolenjščina[19])
    • Eastern Lower Carniolan subdialect (vzhodnodolenjski govor, vzhodna dolenjščina[19])
  • North White Carniolan dialect (severnobelokranjsko narečje)
  • South White Carniolan dialect (južnobelokranjsko narečje, južna belokranjščina[20])
  • Kostel dialect (kostelsko narečje, kostelska belokranjščina,[20] kostelščina[21])
• Styrian dialect group (štajerska narečna skupina, štajerščina[22]):
  • Central Savinja dialect (srednjesavinjsko narečje, srednja savinjščina[23])
  • Upper Savinja dialect (zgornjesavinjsko narečje, zgornja savinjščina[22])
    • Solčava subdialect (solčavski govor)
  • Central Styrian dialect (srednještajersko narečje, osrednja štajerščina[22])
  • South Pohorje dialect (južnopohorsko narečje, štajerska pohorščina[24])
    • Kozjak subdialect (kozjaški govor)
  • Kozje-Bizeljsko dialect (kozjansko-bizeljsko narečje)
  • Lower Sava Valley dialect (posavsko narečje, posavščina[25])
    • Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect (zagorsko-trboveljski govor)
    • Laško subdialect (laški govor)
    • Sevnica-Krško subdialect (sevniško-krški govor)
• Pannonian dialect group (panonska narečna skupina):
  • Prekmurje dialect (prekmursko narečje, prekmurščina[26])
  • Slovenian Hills dialect (goričansko narečje, goričanščina[27])
  • Prlekija dialect (prleško narečje, prleščina[28])
  • Haloze dialect (haloško narečje, haloščina[29])
• Carinthian dialect group (koroška narečna skupina, koroščina[30]):
  • North Pohorje–Remšnik dialect (severnopohorsko-remšniško narečje)
  • Mežica dialect (mežiško narečje, mežiščina[31])
  • Jaun Valley dialect (podjunsko narečje, podjunščina[32]) (Austria)
  • Ebriach dialect (obirsko narečje, obirščina[33]) (Austria)
  • Rosen Valley dialect (rožansko narečje, rožanščina[34]) (Austria)
  • Gail Valley dialect (ziljsko narečje, ziljščina[34]) (Austria, Italy)
    • Kranjska Gora subdialect (kranjskogorski govor)
• Littoral dialect group (primorska narečna skupina):
  • Resia(n) dialect (rezijansko narečje, rezijanščina[35]) (Italy)
  • Soča dialect (obsoško narečje)
  • Torre Valley dialect (tersko narečje, terščina[36]) (Italy)
  • Natisone Valley dialect (nadiško narečje, nadiščina[37]) (Italy)
  • Brda dialect (briško narečje, briščina[38])
  • Karst dialect (kraško narečje, kraščina[39])
    • Banjšice subdialect (banjški govor, banjiški govor[40])
  • Istrian dialect (istrsko narečje, istrščina[41])
    • Rižana subdialect (rižanski govor)
    • Šavrin Hills subdialect (šavrinski govor, šavrinščina[42])
  • Inner Carniolan dialect (notranjsko narečje, notranjščina[43])
  • Čičarija dialect (čiško narečje, čički dialekt[44])
• Rovte dialect group (rovtarska narečna skupina, rovtarščina[45]):
  • Tolmin dialect (tolminsko narečje, tolminščina[46])
    • Bača subdialect (baški govor)
  • Cerkno dialect (cerkljansko narečje, cerkljanščina[35])
  • Poljane dialect (poljansko narečje, poljanščina[47])
  • Škofja Loka dialect (škofjeloško narečje, škofjeloščina[48])
  • Črni Vrh dialect (črnovrško narečje, črnovrščina[49])
  • Horjul dialect (horjulsko narečje, horjulščina[50])
• Mixed Kočevje subdialects (mešani kočevski govori)