Soft privacy technologies

Usages of some medical devices like Ambient Assisted Living, monitors and reports sensitive information remotely into a cloud.[2] Cloud computing offers a solution that meets the healthcare need for processing and storage at an affordable price.[2]They are used to monitor a patient's biometric conditions remotely and can connect with smart technology. In addition to monitoring, the devices can also send a mobile notification when certain conditions pass a set point such as a major change in blood pressure. Due to the nature of the device reporting constant data and usage of smart technology,[3] they are subject to a lot of privacy concerns. This is where soft privacy comes into question on the effectiveness of the third-party cloud service as they present several privacy concerns including risk in unauthorized access, data leakage, sensitive information disclosure, and privacy disclosure.[4]

One solution proposed to this issue for cloud computing in health care is through the usage of Access control by giving partial access to data based on a user's role such as a doctor, family, and etc... Another solution that is explored for wireless technology when moving data to a cloud is through the usage of Differential privacy.[5] The differential privacy system typically encrypts the data, sends it to a trusted service, then opens it up for the hospital institutions. A strategy that is often used to prevent data leakage and attacks is by adding ‘noise’ into the data which changes the value slightly while accessing the real information through security questions. A study by Sensors concluded that differential privacy techniques involving additional noise helped achieve mathematically-precise guaranteed privacy.[5]

In the mid-90s the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission released anonymous health records while hiding some sensitive information such as address and phone number. Despite this attempt of hiding information while providing some sort of database, privacy was still breached as some people found out a correlation between the health databases with public voting databases. Without encrypting data and noise that differential privacy adds, it is possible to link two data that may not seem related, together.[6]

Autonomous cars raise concerns as a location tracking device as they are sensor-based vehicles. To achieve full autonomy there would need to be a massive database with information on the surrounding, paths to take, interaction with others, weather, and many more circumstances that needs to be accounted for. This leads to the question of how the data will all be stored, who is it shared with, and what type of data is being stored. A lot of this data is potentially sensitive and could be used maliciously if it was leaked or hacked. There are concerns over selling data to companies as the data can help predict products the consumer would like or need. It may expose health conditions and alert some companies to advertise to said customers with location-based spam/products.

In terms of the legal aspect of this technology, there are rules and regulations garnering some parts of the car, but a lot of it is still out in the open and oftentimes outdated.[7] Many of the current laws are vague, leaving the rules to be open to interpretation. For example, there are federal laws dating back many years ago restricting computer privacy, and the laws simply extended that rule to phones, and now are extending the same rules to the “computer” inside most driverless cars.[7] In addition to this, there are concerns about the government having access to these driver-less car data, giving opportunity for mass surveillance and tracking with no warrants. From the perspective of companies, they are using this data to improve their technology and hone in on their marketing data to fit the needs of their consumer. In response to consumer's concern and understanding of the slow-paced government action, automakers created Automotive Information Sharing and Analysis Center (Auto-ISAC) in August 2015[8] to establish protocols for cybersecurity and how to handle vehicular communication systems in a safe manner through with other autonomous cars.

Vehicle-to-grid known as V2G plays a big role in energy consumption, cost, and effectiveness for smart grids.[9] This system is what electric vehicles use to charge and discharge as it communicates with the power grid to fill up to the appropriate amount. This is extremely important for electric vehicles but opens up to privacy issues relating to the location. For example, the user's home address, place of work, place of entertainment, and record of frequency, may be reflected in the charging history. With this information that could potentially be leaked, there is a wide variety of security breach that can occurs. For example, someone’s health could be deduced by the number of hospital visits, or the user may receive location-based spams, or there may be malicious intent with the usage of home address and work schedule. Similarly to the health data, a possible solution here is to use differential privacy to add noise to the mathematical data so leaked information may not be as accurate.

Main Article: Cloud storage

Using the cloud is important for consumers and business as it provides a cheap source of virtually unlimited storage space. One challenge cloud storage faced was their search function. Typical cloud computing design encrypts the word before it enters the cloud. This brings up the issue of the user’s ability to search up keywords hindering the results when searching for a specific file. This ends up being a double-edged sword of protecting privacy but introducing new inconvenient problems.[10] One solution lies in the search, when the documents are being indexed entirely rather than just keywords. It also handles this process through the change of letters into what the key is, matching each letter to their respective pair. In this case, privacy is achieved and it is easy to search for words to match with the encrypted files now. However, there is a new issue that arises from this, as it takes a longer time to read and match through an encrypted file and decrypt the whole thing for a user.[10]

VPNs are used to create a remote user and a home network and encrypt their package usage. This allows the user to have their own private network while on the internet. This encrypted tunnel trusts a third party to protect the privacy of the user as it acts as a virtual leased line over a shared public infrastructure. VPN has a difficult time when it comes to mobile applications as the network may be constantly changing and breaks, thus endangering the privacy that VPN gives from its encryption.[11]

Mechanism of VPN

Polices and other authority also could use soft privacy technology against criminals by accessing cloud data.[12] There have been many instances where privacy through surveillance was a concern and has reached the Supreme Court. Some instances used GPS data to track down suspects' locations and aggregated monitored data over long periods of time. However, it is now prevented through the supreme court case Riley v. California which unanimously was voted to prevent warrantless searches of mobile data.

In the effort to reduce these call many people are being taken advantage of by apps that promise to reduce these attacks. It tethers the line of privacy consent as many of these apps are known to collect phone data including callers, phone honeypot call detail records (CDRs), and call recordings. An important thing to consider in these equations when deciding what type of differential privacy to use is their budgets. As these are typically small-scaled apps with varying budget degrees. There are differential privacy protocols proven to be effective in many fields. This resulted in a higher cost than companies would be paying without any differential privacy. This is because the dataset needed to construct a good algorithm that achieves the local differential privacy is much larger.[13]

They are susceptible to attackers that fabricate, intercept, modify, and interrupt traffic. They become a target as sensitive information is often being transmitted over these networks. Quick VPNs generally provides faster tunnel establishment and less overhead but it downgrades the effectiveness of VPNs as a security protocol. It is also found that changing long usernames(IP addresses) and passwords frequently is also important to achieving security and protection from malicious attacks.[14]

Main Article: Smart Card

Newer smart cards are a developing technology used to authorize users for certain resources.[15] Using biometrics such as fingerprints, iris images, voice patterns, or even DNA sequences as access control for sensitive information such as a passport can help ensure privacy. Biometric is important because it is the access code to one’s information to virtually anything about the particular person. Currently they are being used for telecommunications, e-commerce, banking applications, government applications, healthcare, transportation, and more.

Leaked as biometric contains unique characteristic details about a person and in said event, it would be fairly easy to trace the endangered user. This poses a great danger if said information was leaked as biometric contains unique characteristic details about a person and in said event, it would be fairly easy to trace the endangered user. There are some possible solutions to this:

Anonymous Biometric Access Control System (ABAC): Authenticate valid users into the system without knowing who it is. For example, a hotel should be able to admit a VIP guest member into a VIP room without knowing any details about that person even though the verification process is still utilizing biometrics. Developed by Center for Visualization and Virtual Environment, their system is composed of hamming distance computation, bit extraction, comparison, and result aggregation, all implemented with a homomorphic cipher. Essentially, it allows the biometric server to confirm a user without knowing their identity. This is done by taking the biometric saved and encrypting it. While saving the biometrics, there are specific processes to de-identify features such as facial recognition when encrypting the data so even if it was leaked, there would be no danger of tracing someone's identity.[16]

Online learning using mobile videos has become prevalent in our time. One of the biggest challenges for privacy in this field is the idea of prefetching in videos. With a sudden increase of higher traffic for more video presence, many have turned to prefer to offload some of these demands to delay reduction. Prefetching is when the program loads some resources before it is needed to decrease the eventual wait time. It seems to be a perfect solution that is needed for our time with increasing demand for videos, but prefetching heavily relies on prediction. For an accurate prediction to happen, it is necessary to access view history and to know more about the user to give accurate prefetching, otherwise, it will be more of a waste to bandwidth than a benefit. After learning the user’s view of history and popular content that the user likes, it is easier to predict the next video to prefetch, but these are valuable and possibly sensitive data.[17]

Proposed privacy solution:

DPDL-SVP -differential privacy-oriented distributed online learning for mobile social video prefetching, separates the main problems into two subproblems and enables mobile users to solve the two subproblems focusing only on communicating between their mobile neighbors and social members. This gives differential privacy as it preserves the sensitive viewing information.[17]

Certified logos used to instill higher trust (USDA organic certified)

mIPS - mobile Intrusion Prevention System looks to be location-aware and help protect users when utilizing future technology such as virtualized environments where the phone acts as a small virtual machine. Some cases to be wary about in the future includes stalking attacks, bandwidth stealing, attack on cloud hosts, and PA2: traffic analysis attack on the 5G device based on a confined area. Current privacy protection programs are prone to leakage and do not account for the changing of Bluetooth, locations, and LAN connections which affect how often leakage can occur. [19]

In the context of sensor net, public-key based access control(PKC) may be a good solution in the future to cover some issues in wireless access control. For sensor net, the danger from attackers includes; impersonation which grants access to malicious users, replay attack where the adversary captures sensitive information by replaying it, interleaving which selectively combines messages from previous sessions, reflection where an adversary sends an identical message to the originator similar to impersonation, forced delay which blocks communication message to be sent at a later time, and chosen-text attack where the attacker tries to extract the keys to access the sensor. The solution to this may be public key-based cryptography as a study done by Haodong Wang shows that PKC-based protocol presented is better than the traditional symmetric key in regards to memory usage, message complexity, and security resilience.[20]

Privacy management is a big part of social networks and this paper presents several solutions to this issue. For example, users of various social networks has the ability to control and specify what information they want to share to certain people based on their trust levels. Privacy concerns arise from this, for example in 2007 Facebook received complaints about their advertisements. In this instance Facebook’s partner collects information about a user and spreads it to the user’s friends without any consent. There are some proposed solutions in prototype stage by using a protocol that focuses on cryptographic and digital signature techniques to ensure the right privacy protections are in place.[21]

With increasing data collection one source may have they become prone to privacy violations and a target for malicious attacks due to the abundance of personal information they hold.[22] Some solutions proposed would be to anonymize the data by building a virtual database while that anonymizes both the data provider and the subjects of the data. The proposed solution here is a new and developing technology called l-site diversity.[23]