Solid-state fermentation

Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a biomolecule manufacturing process used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, fuel and textile industries. These biomolecules are mostly metabolites generated by microorganisms grown on a solid support selected for this purpose. This technology for the culture of microorganisms is an alternative to liquid or submerged fermentation, used predominantly for industrial purposes

Processes

This process consists of depositing a solid culture substrate, such as rice or wheat bran, on flatbeds after seeding it with microorganisms; the substrate is then left in a temperature-controlled room for several days.

Liquid state fermentation is performed in tanks, which can reach 1,001 to 2,500 square metres (10,770 to 26,910 sq ft) at an industrial scale. Liquid culture is ideal for the growing of unicellular organisms such as bacteria or yeasts.

To achieve liquid aerobic fermentation, it is necessary to constantly supply the microorganism with oxygen, which is generally done via stirring the fermentation media. Accurately managing the synthesis of the desired metabolites requires regulating temperature, soluble oxygen, ionic strength and pH and control nutrients.

Applying this growing technique to filamentous fungi leads to difficulties. The fungus develops in its vegetative form, generating hyphae or multicellular ramous filaments, while a septum separates the cells. As this mycelium develops in a liquid environment, it generates abundant viscosity in the growing medium, reducing oxygen solubility, while stirring disrupts the cell network increasing cell mortality.

In nature, filamentous fungi grow on the ground, decomposing vegetal compounds under naturally ventilated conditions. Therefore, solid state fermentation enables the optimal development of filamentous fungi, allowing the mycelium to spread on the surface of solid compounds among which air can flow.

Solid state fermentation uses culture substrates with low water levels (reduced water activity), which is particularly appropriate for mould. The methods used to grow filamentous fungi using solid state fermentation allow the best reproduction of their natural environment. The medium is saturated with water but little of it is free-flowing. The solid medium comprises both the substrate and the solid support on which the fermentation takes place. The substrate used is generally composed of vegetal byproducts such as beet pulp or wheat bran.[1][2][3][4]

At the beginning of the growth process, the substrates and solid culture compounds are non-soluble compounds composed of very large, biochemically complex molecules that the fungus will cut off to get essential C and N nutrients. To develop its natural substrate, the fungal organism sets forth its entire genetic potential to produce the metabolites necessary for its growth. The composition of the growth medium guides the microorganism's metabolism towards the production of enzymes that release bio-available single molecules such as sugars or amino acids by carving out macromolecules. Therefore, when selecting the components of the growth medium it is possible to guide the cells towards the production of the desired metabolite(s), mainly enzymes that transform polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, proteins) into single moieties in a very efficient and cost-effective manner.

Compared to submerged fermentation processes, solid state fermentation is more cost-effective: smaller vessels, lower water consumption, reduced wastewater treatment costs and lower energy consumption (no need to heat up water, poor mechanical energy input due to smooth stirring).[4][5]

Cultivating on heterogeneous substrates requires expertise to maintain optimal growth conditions. Air flow monitoring is key because it impacts temperature, oxygen supply and moisture. In order to maintain sufficient moisture content for the growth of filamentous fungus, waterlogged air is used and may require further addition of water. In most cases, solid state fermentation does not require a completely sterile environment as the initial sterilization of the fermentation substrate associated with the rapid colonization of the substrate by the fungous microorganism limits the development of the autochthonous flora.[4]

Uses

Traditional food production

Traditionally, SSF has been used in Asian countries to produce Koji using rice to manufacture alcoholic beverages such as Sake or Koji using soybean seeds. The latter produces sauces such as soy sauce or other foods. In Western countries, the traditional manufacturing process of many foods uses SSF. Examples include fermented bakery products such as bread or for the maturing of cheese. SSF is also widely used to prepare raw materials such as chocolate and coffee; typically cacao bean fermentation and coffee bean skin removal are SSF processes carried out under natural tropical conditions.

Enzyme production

Enzymes and enzymatic complexes able to break down difficult-to-transform macromolecules such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin and proteins. Solid state fermentation is well suited for the production of various enzymatic complexes composed of multiple enzymes.[2][6][4] Enzymatic compounds generated by SSF find outlets in all sectors where digestibility, solubility or viscosity is needed.

This is why SSF enzymes are widely used in the following industries:

  • fruit and vegetable transformation (pectinases)
  • baking (hemicellulases)
  • animal feeding (hemicellulases and cellulases)
  • bio ethanol (cellulases and hemicellulases)
  • brewing and distilling (hemicellulases)

Outlook

Liquid, submerged and solid state fermentation are age-old techniques used for the preservation and manufacturing of foods. During the second half of the twentieth century, liquid state fermentation developed on an industrial scale to manufacture vital metabolites such as antibiotics.

Economic changes and growing environmental awareness generate new perspectives for solid state fermentation. SSF adds value to insoluble agricultural byproducts thanks to its higher energy efficiency and reduced water consumption.

The renewal of SSF is now possible thanks to engineering firms, mainly from Asia, that have developed a new generation of equipment. Fujiwara makes vessels able to transform substrate areas up to 400 square metres (4,300 sq ft) for the production of soy sauce or sake. Other companies use solid state fermentation for enzyme complexes. In France Lyven has manufactured Pectinases and Hemicellulases on beet pulp and wheat bran since 1980. The company (now part of Soufflet Group) is now involved in a global R&D programme focusing on SSF technology.

See also

Notes
  1. Raimbault 1980.
  2. Pandey 2003.
  3. Singhania et al. 2009.
  4. Duchiron & Copinet 2011.
  5. Biesebeke et al. 2002.
  6. Durand 2003.

References
  • Biesebeke, R.; Ruijter, G.; Rahardjo, Y.S.P.; Hoogschagen, M.J.; Heerikhuisen, M.; Levin, A; van Driel, K.G.A.; Schutyser, M.A.I.; Dijksterhuis, J.; Zhu, Y.; Weber, F.J.; de Vos, W.M.; van den Hondel, K.A.M.J.J.; Rinzema, A.; Punt, PJ (March 2002). "Aspergillus oryzae in solid-state and submerged fermentations Progress report on a multi-disciplinary project". FEMS Yeast Res. 2 (2): 245–248. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2002.tb00089.x. PMID 12702312.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Capalbo; Valicente, F.H.; Moraes, I.O.; Pelizer, M.H. (August 2001). "Solid-state fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi to control fall armyworm in maize". Electronic J. Biotechnol. 4 (2): 1–5. doi:10.2225/vol4-issue2-fulltext-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Duchiron, F.; Copinet, E. (2011). "Fermentation en milieu solide" (in French). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Durand, A. (March 2003). "Bioreactor designs for solid state fermentation". Biochem. Eng. J. 13 (2–3): 113–125. doi:10.1016/s1369-703x(02)00124-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Pandey, A. (March 2003). "Solid-state fermentation". Biochem. Eng. J. 13 (2–3): 81–84. doi:10.1016/s1369-703x(02)00121-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Raimbault, M. (1980). "Fermentation en milieu solide: croissance de champignons filamenteux sur substrat amylacé". These ORSTOM (in French): 1–287.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Singhania, R.R.; Patel, A.K.; Soccol, C.R.; Pandey, A. (April 2009). "Recent Advances in solid-state fermentation". Biochem. Eng. J. 44 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2008.10.019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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