Substitute (elections)

A substitute is a political candidate who is not directly elected, but who succeeds a politician holding an elected office after that person ceases to hold the office due to most notably resignation or death. This system can be used as opposed to holding by-elections or special elections to fill the vacant office.

Belgium

In Belgium, each electoral list has both a list of "effective" candidates and a list of "substitutes" (Dutch: opvolgers; French: suppléants). The system was introduced as part of the law of 29 December 1899 introducing proportional representation. Before that, by-elections were held to succeed members.

France

In the elections for the French National Assembly, each candidate nominates a substitute (French: Suppléant), who assumes the functions of the elected deputy if they die, enter the executive government, have a mission of more than six months entrusted by the Government or are appointed to the Constitutional Council or Defender of Rights (Défenseur des droits).[1]

If the deputy resigns, or their election is determined to be invalid, a by-election (French: élections legislatives partielles) is held instead.

The Electoral Code does not provide for any age restriction to be appointed alternate. For the Fourteenth Legislature (2012 - 2017), the youngest Deputy-Substitute of France was Nicolas Brien, born in 1989, elected in Allier's 2nd constituency.

Examples
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

References
  1. "Article L. O. 176 du code électoral". Act of 15 September 2017 (in French).
  2. à 15h30, Le 22 juin 2017 (2017-06-22). "Paris : élue du Xe, Elise Fajgeles va devenir députée". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  3. Daire, Constance (2017-06-22). "Remaniement : qu'est-ce qui change à l'Assemblée nationale ?". Libération.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  4. Composition de l'assemblée, retrieved 2020-07-14
  5. à 19h57, Par Pascale De SouzaLe 19 juin 2018 (2018-06-19). "Seine-et-Marne : le temps de la réflexion à la tête du département". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-08-29.
  6. étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Amélie de Montchalin succeeds Nathalie Loiseau as Europe Minister (31.03.19)". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  7. "Nicolas Meizonnet officiellement député". France Bleu (in French). 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
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