Taymanitic

Taymanitic was the language and script of the oasis of Taymāʾ in northwestern Arabia, dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE.[1]

Taymanitic
RegionTaymāʾ
Erasecond half of the 6th century BCE
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologtaym1240

Classification

Taymanitic does not participate in the key innovations of Proto-Arabic, precluding it from being considered a member of the Arabic language family. It shares one key isogloss with Northwest Semitic: the change w > y in word-initial position. Examples include yrḫ for *warḫum 'moon, month' and ydʿ for wadaʿa 'to know'.[2]

It is clear that Taymanitic script expressed a distinct linguistic variety that is not Arabic and not closely related to Hismaic or Safaitic, while it can tentatively be suggested that it was more closely related to Northwest Semitic.[3]

Phonology

Consonants
Consonant phonemes[4]
  Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyn-
geal		 Glottal
Plosive pb td   kɡ    ʔ 
Ejective plosive    tʼ     kʼ       
Affricate    tsdz            
Ejective affricate    tsʼ             
Lateral fricative    ɬ             
Lateral ejective affricate    tɬʼ             
Fricative    s     xɣ ʕħ h 
Nasal  m  n            
Trill     r            
Approximant        j  w      
Lateral approximant     l            

Vowels
Monophthong phonemes
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close i u iː uː
Open a aː
Diphthong phonemes[4]
  Closer component
is front		 Closer component
is back
Opener component is unrounded aɪ aʊ

Characteristics

Taymanitic exhibits two major features which are innovative:[2]

  1. The change w > y in word-initial position: yrḫ for *warḫum 'moon, month' and ydʿ for wadaʿa 'to know'.
  2. The mergers *z, *ḏ > *z, *s3, *ṯ > *s3, and *ṣ, *ẓ > *ṣ (loss of interdentals).

Unlike Arabic, Taymanitic does not exhibit the merger of Proto-Semitic [s] and [ts].

References
  1. Kootstra, Fokelien (15 August 2016). "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Arabian Epigraphic Notes. LeiCenSAA: 68.
  2. "Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  3. Kootstra, Fokelien (15 August 2016). "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Arabian Epigraphic Notes. LeiCenSAA: 107.
  4. "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Retrieved 2016-09-14.
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