The Old Man of Restelo

The Old Man of Restelo (Portuguese: Velho do Restelo), also known as The Old Man of Belem, is a fictional character introduced by the Portuguese epic poet Luís de Camões in Canto IV of his work Os Lusíadas ("The Lusiads"). The Old Man of Restelo is variously interpreted as a symbol of pessimism, or as representing those who did not believe in the likely success of the then upcoming Portuguese voyages of discovery. The character appears at the embarkation of the first expedition to India (1497), giving warnings about the odyssey that was about to happen.

For the 2014 film depicting Camões, see The Old Man of Belem.
The Old Man of Restelo (1904), by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro at the Military Museum in Lisbon.

The Old Man's speech

This episode begins at the outset of the voyage of Vasco da Gama across unknown oceans. An old man (the Old Man of Restelo) goes down to confront the occupants of the ships, and argues that the reckless navigators, driven by greed for fame, glory and riches, are courting disaster for themselves and the Portuguese people.[1][2]

This is the argument of the Old Man of Restelo against the voyage that Vasco da Gama and his crew were about to undertake:

94
"But now an agèd Sire of reverend mien,
upon the foreshore thronged by the crowd,
with eyne fast fixt upon our forms was seen,
and discontented thrice his brow he bow'd:
His deep toned accents raising somewhat keen,
that we from shipboard hear him speak aloud,
with lore by long experience only grown,
thus from his time-taught breast he made his moan —
95
"'Oh craving of Command! Oh vain Desire!
of vainest van'ity man miscalleth Fame!
Oh fraudulent gust, so easy fanned to fire
by breath of vulgar, aping Honour's name!
What just and dreadful judgment deals thine ire,
to seely souls who overlove thy claim!
What deaths, what direful risks, what agonies
wherewith thou guerd'onest them, thy fitting prize!
96
"'Thou dour disturber of man's sprite and life,
fount of backsliding and adultery,
sagacious waster, and consummate thief
of subjects, kingdoms, treasure, empery:
They hail thee noble, and they hail thee chief,
though digne of all indignities thou be;
they call thee Fame and Glory sovereign,
words, words, the heart of silly herd to gain!
97
"'What new disaster dost thou here design?
What horror for our realm and race invent?
What unheard dangers or what deaths condign,
veiled by some name that soundeth excellent?
What bribe of gorgeous reign, and golden mine,
whose ready offer is so rarely meant?
What Fame hast promised them? what pride of story?
What palms? what triumphs? what victorious glory?
Os Lusíadas, Canto IV, 94-97: Burton's translation (1880)[3]
Portuguese original
94
Mas um velho, de aspecto venerando,
Que ficava nas praias, entre a gente,
Postos em nós os olhos, meneando
Três vezes a cabeça, descontente,
A voz pesada um pouco alevantando,
Que nós no mar ouvimos claramente,
C'um saber só de experiências feito,
Tais palavras tirou do experto peito:
95
— "Ó glória de mandar! Ó vã cobiça
Desta vaidade, a quem chamamos Fama!
Ó fraudulento gosto, que se atiça
C'uma aura popular, que honra se chama!
Que castigo tamanho e que justiça
Fazes no peito vão que muito te ama!
Que mortes, que perigos, que tormentas,
Que crueldades neles experimentas!
96
— "Dura inquietação d'alma e da vida,
Fonte de desamparos e adultérios,
Sagaz consumidora conhecida
De fazendas, de reinos e de impérios:
Chamam-te ilustre, chamam-te subida,
Sendo digna de infames vitupérios;
Chamam-te Fama e Glória soberana,
Nomes com quem se o povo néscio engana!
97
— "A que novos desastres determinas
De levar estes reinos e esta gente?
Que perigos, que mortes lhe destinas
Debaixo dalgum nome preminente?
Que promessas de reinos, e de minas
D'ouro, que lhe farás tão facilmente?
Que famas lhe prometerás? que histórias?
Que triunfos, que palmas, que vitórias?
Os Lusíadas, Canto IV, 94-97[4]

The position of Camoes

It remains uncertain to what degree Camões was in sympathy with the old man's view. There seems to be a contradiction between the writing of a large epic on maritime expeditions, in which there was a clear enthusiasm for the undertaking, and, on the other hand, the fear and pessimism that emerges in this speech and certain other passages in the work.[5][6]

Modern references

Subsequent allusions in Portuguese to the Old Man of Restelo have tended to portray him in a negative light – as a "doubting Thomas", not as a "Cassandra" who expresses apposite cautions.[1] For example, in a speech in 2013, the Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff said that Brazil would not have been discovered (by Europeans) if "the Old Man of Restelo had prevailed at that time, on that beach, there on the Tagus in Lisbon."[7]

References
  1. Wheeler, Douglas L.; Opello, Walter C. (2010-05-10). Historical Dictionary of Portugal. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810870758.
  2. Robert Burden; Stephan Kohl (2006). Landscape and Englishness. Rodopi. p. 117. ISBN 90-420-2102-0.
  3. Os Lusíadas, Canto IV, 94-97: translated Richard F. Burton, ed. Isabel Burton, Tinsley Bros., London, 1880: pp. 170–171.
  4. "Os Lusíadas de Luís de Camões" (in Portuguese). Tabacaria.
  5. Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998). The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-521-64629-1.
  6. Josiah Blackmore (2002). Manifest Perdition: Shipwreck Narrative and the Disruption of Empire. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-0-8166-3850-5.
  7. "Dilma compara oposição a 'Velhos de Restelo' e nega descontrole da inflação" [Dilma compares opponents to "Old Men of Restelo" and denies that inflation is out of control]. Estadão (in Portuguese). 12 June 2013.
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