Threshing floor

Threshing (thrashing) was originally "...'to tramp or stamp heavily with the feet'..." and was later applied to the act of separating out grain by the feet of people or oxen and still later with the use of a flail.[1] A threshing floor is of two main types: 1) a specially flattened outdoor surface, usually circular and paved,[2] or 2) inside a building with a smooth floor of earth, stone or wood where a farmer would thresh the grain harvest and then winnow it. Animal and steam powered threshing machines from the nineteenth century onward made threshing floors obsolete. The outdoor threshing floor was either owned by the entire village or by a single family, and it was usually located outside the village in a place exposed to the wind.

Work on the threshing floor in Gumuara (Ethiopia)
A threshing floor on São Jorge
A threshing floor in Santorini in Greece.
Russian women using a hand powered winnowing machine in a barn. Painting by K.V. Lebedev, The Floor, 1894
Threshing and bagging grain in Germany in 1695

Structure of outdoor floors

Outdoor threshing floors are usually located near a farm or farmhouse, or in places easily accessible from growing areas. They are usually paved with material that may be of various kinds, for example round stone cobbles about the size of a fist; slate; tile; or sometimes the underlying bedrock itself is exposed. Unpaved earthen threshing floors are also sometimes found. The floors usually have a slight slope, to avoid water standing on them after rain; and the paving may be divided by rays traced from a central focus to facilitate the pavement.

To overcome possible unevenness, and isolate them from water running off after rain so helping to preserve them, threshing floors are often surrounded by a stout low wall. The construction was often in a high place, to take advantage of soft and steady winds to facilitate the work of winnowing, separating the grain from the chaff, once the threshing had been completed.

Structure of indoor floors
Threshing Floor by Alexey Venetsianov, 1821-1823

The central bay of a barn was the typical location of the threshing floor.[3] Some large barns have two or even three threshing floors.[4] The floors in barns may be packed dirt, stone, or a tightly fitted wood. To keep the grain from falling out the open doorway(s) a board was sometimes placed across the doorway called a threshold, but the term threshold was originally the floor itself[5] or well foot-worn floor boards.[6] Threshing in barns was mostly done by hand with a flail until threshing machines became available in the 19th century. The harvest could be stored in the barn and threshed during the winter. Barns may have a granary room or a separate granary building may have been used to store the threshed crop.

A unique barn feature in some barns in parts of the northeast United States, called a swing beam, was designed for animals to walk in circles around a pole inside the barn pulling a device to thresh the grain instead of using a flail.[7] The farm family could use the barn to their advantage in winnowing by standing in a doorway where a slight breeze is magnified by the wind passing around the building. Some barns had smaller winnowing doors[8] to the rear of the threshing floor to concentrate the breeze even more than the big barn doors.

Use
A horse pulling a threshing-board on a threshing floor

Sheaves of grain would be opened up and the stalks spread across the threshing floor. Pairs of donkeys or oxen (or sometimes cattle, or horses) would then be walked round and round, often dragging a heavy threshing board behind them, to tear the ears of grain from the stalks, and loosen the grain itself from the husks.

After this threshing process, the broken stalks and grain were collected and then thrown up into the air with a wooden winnowing fork or a winnowing fan. The chaff would be blown away by the wind; the short torn straw would fall some distance away; while the heavier grain would fall at the winnower's feet. The grain could then be further cleansed by sieving.

References
  1. Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0). Oxford University Press 2009
  2. Bromiley, Geoffrey William. The International standard Bible encyclopedia, Volume four: Q-Z. Fully rev. ed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans, 1979, 1988. 844. ISBN 0802837840
  3. Gardner, D. P.. The farmer's dictionary: a vocabulary of the technical terms recently introduced into agriculture and horticulture from various sciences, and also a compendium of practical farming: the latter chiefly from the works of the Rev. W.L. Rham, Loudon, Low and Youatt, and the most eminent American authors. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1846. Print.
  4. Harris, Richard. Discovering timber-framed buildings. 2d ed. Aylesbury: Shire Publications, 1979.
  5. Triumpho, Richard. Round barns of New York. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2004. 9. ISBN 0815607962
  6. Palmer, Abram Smythe. Folk-etymology; a dictionary of verbal corruptions or words perverted in form or meaning by false derivation or mistaken analogy,. 1890. Reprint. New York: Greenwood Press, 1969. 389.
  7. Ensminger, Robert F.. The Pennsylvania barn: its origin, evolution, and distribution in North America. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003 ISBN 0801871344
  8. Brunskill, R. W.. Houses and cottages of Britain: origins and development of traditional buildings. London: Gollancz, 2000. 98. ISBN 0575071222
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