Toarcian turnover

The Toarcian turnover, alternatively the Toarcian extinction, the Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction, or the Early Jurassic extinction, is the wave of extinctions that marked the end of the Pliensbachian age and the start of the Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic epoch, c. 183 million years ago.

The Toarcian turnover most strongly affected marine life, notably mollusks (like ammonites, belemnites, gastropods, and bivalves), radiolarians, foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, brachiopods, ostracods, crinoids, crustaceans, marine reptiles, and fish.[1][2][3] Its reach was global in extent, as evidenced by research in Europe, Africa, Japan, South America, and North America.[4][5][6][7][8] Evidence points to a warming climate, the spread of anoxia in the oceans referred to as the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, and ocean acidifcation as the probable cause of these marine extinctions, linked in turn to the massive volcanism of the Karoo-Ferrar eruptions that occurred at this time.[9][10] The Toarcian turnover was the seventh-largest mass extinction in Earth's history.[11]

See also

References
  1. Wignall, Paul B., and Anthony Hallam. Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997; pp. 164-5
  2. Location Archived 2013-06-29 at Archive.today
  3. Harries, Peter J; Little, Crispin T.S (October 1999). "The early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) and the Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinctions: similarities and contrasts". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 154 (1–2): 39–66. Bibcode:1999PPP...154...39H. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00086-3.
  4. Calcareous cliffs of Peniche peninsula (west coast of Portugal): geological heritage inventory and characterization - paper by A. R. Rilo, L. V. Duarte, and A. Tavares (in Portuguese, with abstract in Spanish and English)
  5. The Evolution of the Coastline at Peniche and Berlengas Islands – article by Teresa Azevedo, and Elisabete Nunes
  6. MacLeod, Kenneth G., and Christian Koeberl. Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond. Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America, 2002; pp. 525-9.
  7. Caruthers, Andrew H.; Smith, Paul L.; Gröcke, Darren R. (2014), "The Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction: A North American perspective", Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(11), ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5, retrieved 2020-04-26
  8. Caruthers, Andrew H.; Smith, Paul L.; Gröcke, Darren R. (September 2013). "The Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction, a global multi-phased event". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 386: 104–118. Bibcode:2013PPP...386..104C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.010.
  9. Pálfy, József; Smith, Paul L. (2000-08-01). "Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism". Geology. 28 (8): 747–750. Bibcode:2000Geo....28..747P. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<747:SBEJEO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  10. Marti, Joan, and Gerald Ernst. Volcanoes and the Environment. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005; p. 219.
  11. Volcanic eruptions once caused mass extinctions in the oceans – could climate change do the same?


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