Treaty House

The Treaty House (Māori: Whare Tiriti) at Waitangi in Northland, New Zealand, is the former house of the British Resident in New Zealand, James Busby. The Treaty of Waitangi, the document that established the British Colony of New Zealand, was signed in the grounds of the Treaty House on 6 February 1840.

For the site of the negotiation and signing of the Convention of Kanagawa, see Kanagawa Treaty House.
Treaty House
Whare Tiriti
The restored Treaty House (2006)
General information
Coordinates35.2658°S 174.0816°E / -35.2658; 174.0816
Designated23 June 1983
Reference no.6
Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe gifting Treaty House to the nation (1932)

The grounds had previously been the site of other important events, such as the signing of the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835. The house and grounds remained in private hands until 1932, when they were purchased by Governor-General Viscount Bledisloe and donated to the nation. They were dedicated as a national reserve in 1934, in a ceremony attended by thousands of people, both Māori and Pākehā, and including the Māori King. It was the site of another major event in 1940, when the centenary of the Treaty signing was celebrated.[1] From 1947 the grounds became the site of annual Waitangi Day celebrations.

Architectural history

The Treaty House was built in 1833–34 for Busby and his family. It is one of New Zealand's oldest surviving buildings. Originally the building consisted of two main rooms, plus an entrance hallway, verandah, and a detached rear block containing a kitchen and servants' room. Busby considered the house to be too small for someone of his standing, but for 1830s New Zealand it was a large house. It was expanded in the 1830s and 1840s with the addition of a lean-to and two wings.[2]

The property remained in the Busby family until 1882, when it was sold to a local farmer. For at least some of the next few years it was used for agricultural purposes, including shearing sheep. It fell into disrepair, despite some efforts to bring it into public ownership. These were successful in 1932, when Bledisloe made his purchase, and the house was subsequently restored by leading architect William Henry Gummer.[3] This was one of the earliest major state restorations of a historic building in New Zealand. In preparation for the 1990 sesquicentennial of the Treaty signing, the house was modified to more accurately reflect what it would have been like in 1840.[2]

Heritage site and grounds

The Treaty House has been a Heritage New Zealand Category I listed building since 1983. It contains a museum devoted to the Treaty and to life in the house in the mid nineteenth century. The grounds contain a carved whare runanga (meeting house) and the large waka taua (war canoe) Ngā Toki Matawhaorua, both built for the 1940 celebrations.[2] A flagstaff stands on the spot where the Treaty was signed.[4] The original flagstaff was erected by the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy just prior to the Waitangi Day celebrations of 1934.[5] The Waitangi Treaty Monument, built in circa 1880–1881 and also registered as a Category 1 heritage item, is located nearby.[6]

  • Treaty House from the back, showing the two wings added in the 1840s
  • Courtyard at the back of the Treaty House
  • Recreation of the 19th-century interior of the house

References
  1. Reed, Vernon Herbert (1957). The Gift of Waitangi: A History of the Bledisloe Gift. Auckland: A.H. & A.W. Reed.
  2. "Treaty House". Register of Historic Places. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  3. Lovell-Smith, Melanie (2000) ‘History and Historic Places: Some Thoughts on History and Historic Places in New Zealand during the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, p.56
  4. Patrick, McAllister (2007). "Waitangi Day: An annual enactment of the Treaty?". Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies. 4 (2): 157. doi:10.11157/sites-vol4iss2id78. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  5. "The RN and the Treaty of Waitangi". Devonport, Auckland: Torpedo Bay Navy Museum. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  6. "Waitangi Treaty Monument". Register of Historic Places. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
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