Trier

The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier.[9] The city of Trier derives its name from the later Latin locative in Trēverīs for earlier Augusta Treverorum.

Augusta Treverorum in the 4th century

Porta Nigra

The historical record describes the Roman Empire subduing the Treveri in the 1st century BC and establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC.[10] The name distinguished it from the empire's many other cities honoring the first emperor Augustus. The city later became the capital of the province of Belgic Gaul; after the Diocletian Reforms, it became the capital of the prefecture of the Gauls, overseeing much of the Western Roman Empire. In the 4th century, Trier was one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire with a population around 75,000 and perhaps as much as 100,000.[11][12][13]

[14] The Porta Nigra ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A residence of the Western Roman Emperor, Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose. Sometime between 395 and 418, probably in 407 the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier to Arles. The city continued to be inhabited but was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production of ballistae and armor and woolen uniforms for the troops, clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at Amiens.

Scale Model of Trier around 1800

Cathedral of Trier

Electoral Palace

The Franks seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of Eastern Francia, which developed into the Holy Roman Empire. Relics of Saint Matthias brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of Trier was recognized as an electorate of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The University of Trier was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residences to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established.

In the years from 1581 to 1593, the Trier witch trials were held, perhaps the largest witch trial in European history. It was certainly one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials, the Würzburg witch trial, and the Bamberg witch trials. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself, and the real number of executions, counting also those executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese as a whole, was therefore even larger. The exact number of people executed has never been established; a total of 1,000 has been suggested but not confirmed.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Trier was sought after by France, who invaded during the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Grand Alliance, the War of the Spanish Succession, and the War of the Polish Succession. France succeeded in finally claiming Trier in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl Marx, the German philosopher and one of the founders of Marxism, was born in the city in 1818.

As part of the Prussian Rhineland, Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire in 1871.

The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938 Kristallnacht and later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. Multiple Stolperstein have been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and exiled during the Shoah[15]

In June 1940 over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at Dunkirk and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps. Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944 during World War II. The city became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university, dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984. On December 1, 2020, 5 people were killed by an allegedly drunk driver during a vehicle-ramming attack.[16]

View of the city from St. Mary's Column (Mariensäule).

Trier from the east (Petrisberg).

Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and vineyard-covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateau in the south and the Eifel in the north. The border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is some 15 km (9 mi) away.

Largest groups of foreign residents
Country of birth	Population (2013)
Poland	688
France	675
Luxembourg	573
Ukraine	476
Russia	444

Organization of city districts

Districts of Trier

The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city districts. For each district there is an Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets.

The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009):

Official district number	District with associated sub-districts	Area in km2	Inhabitants
11	Mitte/Gartenfeld	2.978	11,954
12	Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin)	3.769	13,405
13	Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St. Mattheis)	1.722	9,123
21	Ehrang/Quint	26.134	9,195
22	Pfalzel	2.350	3,514
23	Biewer	5.186	1,949
24	Ruwer/Eitelsbach	9.167	3,091
31	West/Pallien	8.488	7,005
32	Euren (Herresthal)	13.189	4,207
33	Zewen (Oberkirch)	7.496	3,634
41	Olewig	3.100	3,135
42	Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz)	5.825	8,708
43	Tarforst	4.184	6,605
44	Filsch	1.601	761
45	Irsch	4.082	2,351
46	Kernscheid	3.768	958
51	Feyen/Weismark	5.095	5,689
52	Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus)	2.036	6,672
53	Mariahof (St. Michael)	7.040	3,120
	Totals	117.210	105,076

Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Ruins of the Imperial Baths
Includes	Amphitheater, Roman bridge, Barbara Baths, Igel Column, Porta Nigra, Imperial Baths, Aula Palatina, Cathedral and Liebfrauenkirche
Criteria	Cultural: i, iii, iv, vi
Reference	367
Inscription	1986 (10th session)

Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include:

• the Porta Nigra, the best-preserved Roman city gate north of the Alps;
• the huge Constantine Basilica, a basilica in the original Roman sense, was the 67 m (219.82 ft) long throne hall of Roman Emperor Constantine; it is today used as a Protestant church; adjacent is the Electoral Palace, Trier;
• the Roman Trier Amphitheater;
• the 2nd century AD Roman bridge (Römerbrücke) across the Moselle, the oldest bridge north of the Alps still crossed by traffic;
• ruins of three Roman baths, among them the largest Roman baths north of the Alps; including the Barbara Baths and the Trier Imperial Baths;
• Trier Cathedral (German: Trierer Dom or Dom St. Peter), a Catholic church that dates back to Roman times; its Romanesque west façade with an extra apse and four towers is imposing and has been copied repeatedly; the Cathedral is home to the Holy Tunic, a garment said to be the robe Jesus was wearing when he died, as well as many other relics and reliquaries in the Cathedral Treasury;
• the Liebfrauenkirche (German for Church of Our Lady), which is one of the most important early Gothic churches in Germany, in some ways comparable to the architectural tradition of the French Gothic cathedrals;
• St. Matthias' Abbey (Abtei St. Matthias), a still-in-use monastery in whose medieval church the only apostle north of the Alps is held to be buried;
• St. Gangolf's church is the city's 'own' church near the main market square (as opposed to the Cathedral, the bishop's church); largely Gothic;
• Saint Paulinus' Church, one of the most important Baroque churches in Rhineland-Palatinate and designed in part by the architect Balthasar Neumann;
• two old treadwheel cranes, one being the Gothic "Old Crane" (Alte Krahnen) or "Trier Moselle Crane" (Trierer Moselkrahn) from 1413, and the other the 1774 Baroque crane called the "(Old) Customs Crane" ((Alter) Zollkran) or "Younger Moselle Crane" (Jüngerer Moselkran) (see List of historical harbour cranes).

Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier

• Rheinisches Landesmuseum (an important archaeological museum for the Roman period; also some early Christian and Romanesque sculpture);
• Domschatzkammer (Treasury of Trier Cathedral; with the Egbert Shrine, the reliquary of the Holy Nail, the cup of Saint Helena and other reliquaries, liturgical objects, ivories, manuscripts, etc., many from the Middle Ages);
• Museum am Dom, formerly Bischöfliches Dom- und Diözesanmuseum (Museum of the Diocese of Trier; religious art, also some Roman artefacts);
• Stadtmuseum Simeonstift (history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a scale model of the medieval city);
• Karl Marx House; a museum exhibiting Marx's personal history, volumes of poetry, original letters, and photographs with personal dedications. There is also a collection of rare first editions and international editions of his works, as well as exhibits on the development of socialism in the 19th century;
• Toy Museum of Trier;
• Ethnological and open-air museum Roscheider Hof, a museum in the neighbouring town of Konz, right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet;
• Fell Exhibition Slate Mine; site in the municipality of Fell, 20 km (12 mi) from Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail.

Uni Trier Campus 1

University of applied sciences, central campus

Trier is home to the University of Trier, founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has the Trier University of Applied Sciences. The Academy of European Law (ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40 Kindergärten,[21] 25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as the Humboldt Gymnasium Trier, Max Planck Gymnasium, Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium and the Nelson-Mandela Realschule Plus, Kurfürst-Balduin Realschule Plus, Realschule Plus Ehrang.[22]

Tourists in Trier, Germany.

Sign in Trier's tourist district.

• Until 2014, Trier was home to Germany's largest Roman festival, Brot und Spiele (German for Bread and Games – a translation of the famous Latin phrase panem et circenses from the satires of Juvenal)
• Trier has been the base for the German round of the World Rally Championship since 2002, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
• Trier holds a Christmas street festival every year called the Trier Christmas Market on the Hauptmarkt (Main Market Square) and the Domfreihof in front of the Cathedral of Trier.

Trier station has direct railway connections to many cities in the region. The nearest cities by train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways A 1, A 48 and A 64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are in Luxembourg (0:40 h by car), Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle is an important waterway and is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2018.[23]

Moselstadium Trier

Major sports clubs in Trier include:

• SV Eintracht Trier 05, association football
• Gladiators Trier, basketball (former TBB Trier)
• DJK/MJC Trier, women's team handball
• Trier Cardinals, baseball
• PST Trier Stampers, American Football
• FSV Trier-Tarforst, intera alia football and rugby

See Heinz Monz: Trierer Biographisches Lexikon. Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2000. 539 p. ISBN 3-931014-49-5.

Valentinian I

Karl Marx

Kaspar Olevianus

• Eucharius (died ~250), first bishop of Trier
• Constantius I. Chlorus (ca. 250-306), Roman emperor
• Maximian (ca. 250–310), Roman emperor
• Valerius (died 320), second bishop of Trier
• St Athanasius (In exile ca. 335)
• Helena (ca. 250–330), saint, mother of Constantine the Great (residence in Trier by tradition)[24][25]
• Constantine the Great (ca. 272-337), Roman emperor
• Paulinus (died 358), bishop of Trier
• Valentinian I (321–375), Roman emperor
• Ausonius (ca. 310–395), Roman consul and poet
• Ambrose (ca. 340–397), saint
• Apronia of Toul, (6th century), nun and saint
• Kaspar Olevianus (1536–1587), theologian
• Heinrich (1777–1838) and Henriette Marx (1788–1863), parents of Karl Marx
• Johann Anton Ramboux (1790–1866), painter
• Jenny Marx née von Westphalen (1814–1881), revolutionary, drama critic, wife of Karl Marx, mother of Jenny Longuet, Laura Marx and Eleanor Marx
• Karl Marx (1818–1883), German social philosopher and revolutionary
• August Beer (1825–1863), scientist
• Frederick A. Schroeder (1833–1899), American politician, mayor of Brooklyn
• Hans am Ende (1864–1918), German painter
• Ludwig Kaas (1881–1952), Catholic priest and politician of the Zentrum
• Oswald von Nell-Breuning (1890–1991), German theologian
• Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), General and French statesman, as commander of a battalion of Chasseurs during the French occupation of Rhineland
• Reinhard Heß (1904–1998), painter and glass painter
• Wolf Graf von Baudissin (1907–1993), German general, military planner and peace researcher
• Peter Thullen (1907–1996), German-Ecuadorian mathematician
• Klaus Barbie (1913–1991), SS and Gestapo functionary during the Nazi era.
• Gitta Lind (1925–1974), singer (e.g. "White Elder")
• Reinhold Bartel (1926–1996), operatic tenor
• Ernst Huberty (born 1927), sports reporter ("Mister Sportschau")
• Günther Steines (1928–1982), athlete
• Franz Grundheber (born 1937), baritone
• Otmar Seul (born 1943), lawyer, professor
• Helga Zepp-LaRouche (born 1948), journalist and politician
• Xavier Bout de Marnhac (born 1951), French general, former commander of KFOR
• Robert Zimmer (born 1953), German philosopher and essayist
• Ernst Ulrich Deuker (born 1954), musician of Ideal
• François Weigel (born 1964), French pianist, composer and conductor
• Eric Jelen (born 1965), tennis player
• Martin Bambauer (born 1970), church musician
• Frank Findeiß (born 1971), poet
• The Shanes (German polka band)

Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Saarbrücken, and Metz (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg and France).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trier.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Trier.

• Official website (in German)
• "Treves" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• Gough, Alfred Bradley (1911). "Trier" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 268–269.