Twig (template engine)
Twig is a template engine for the PHP programming language. Its syntax originates from Jinja and Django templates.[3] It's an open source product[4] licensed under a BSD License and maintained by Fabien Potencier. The initial version was created by Armin Ronacher. Symfony PHP framework comes with a bundled support for Twig as its default template engine since version 2.[5]
| Original author(s) | Armin Ronacher,[1] Fabien Potencier |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | SensioLabs |
| Initial release | October 12, 2009 |
| Stable release | 3.2.1[2]
/ 5 January 2021 |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | PHP |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Template engine |
| License | BSD License |
| Website | twig |
Features
- complex control flow
- automatic escaping
- template inheritance
- variable filters[6]
- i18n support (gettext)
- macros
- fully extendable[3][7]
Twig is supported by the following integrated development environments:[3]
- Eclipse via the Twig plugin
- Komodo and Komodo Edit via the Twig highlight/syntax check mode
- NetBeans via the Twig syntax plugin (until 7.1, native as of 7.2)
- PhpStorm (native as of 2.1)
And the text editors:
- Atom via the PHP-twig for atom
- emacs via web-mode.el
- Notepad++ via the Notepad++ Twig Highlighter
- Sublime Text via the Twig bundle
- TextMate via the Twig bundle
- vim via the Jinja syntax plugin or the vim-twig plugin
- Brackets via Brackets Twig
- Visual Studio Code via the Twig extension
- GTKSourceView via the Twig language definition
- Coda via the Twig syntax mode
- Coda 2 via the other Twig syntax mode
- SubEthaEdit via the Twig syntax mode
Syntax
Twig defines three kinds of delimiters:
{{ ... }}, to print the content of variables or the result of evaluating an expression (e.g.: an inherited Twig template with{{ parent() }}).{# ... #}, to add comments in the templates. These comments aren't included in the rendered page.{% ... %}, to execute statements, such as for-loops.{% set foo = 'bar' %}, to assign.[8]{% if i is defined and i == 1%} ... {% endif %}: condition.{% for i in 0..10 %} ... {% endfor %}: counter in a loop.
The apostrophe (') is the escape character.
To create an iterative array:
{% set myArray = [1, 2] %}
An associative array:
{% set myArray = {'key': 'value'} %}
Operators precedence
The operators precedence is,[3] from the less to more priority:
| Operator | Role |
|---|---|
| b-and | Bitwise AND |
| b-xor | Bitwise XOR |
| b-or | Bitwise OR |
| or | Or |
| and | And |
| == | Is equal? |
| != | Is different? |
| < | Inferior |
| > | Superior |
| >= | Superior or equal |
| <= | Inferior or equal |
| in | Into |
| matches | Corresponds |
| starts with | Begins by |
| ends with | Finishes by |
| .. | Sequence (ex: 1..5) |
| + | Plus |
| - | Less |
| ~ | Concatenation |
| * | Multiplication |
| / | Division |
| // | Division rounded to lower |
| % | Modulo |
| is | Test (ex: is defined or is not empty) |
| ** | Power |
| | | Filter[6] |
| [] | Array entry |
| . | Attribute or method from an object (ex: country.name) |
Filters
The filters provide some treatments on an expression, when place after it, separated by pipes. For example:[6]
capitalize: changes a string's first letter to capital.upper: changes a whole string to capital.first: displays the first line of an array.length: returns a variable size.
Special variables
loopcontains the current loop information. For exampleloop.indexcorresponds to the number of iterations which have already occurred.- The global variables begin with underscores. For example:
- _route (URL part located after the domain)
- _self (current file name)
- So, to the a page route:
{{ path(app.request.attributes.get('_route'), app.request.attributes.get('_route_params')) }}
- The CGI environment variables, such as
{{ app.request.server.get('SERVER_NAME') }}.
Example
The example below demonstrates some basic features of Twig.
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block navigation %}
<ul id="navigation">
{% for item in navigation %}
<li>
<a href="{{ item.href }}">
{% if item.level == 2 %} {% endif %}
{{ item.caption|upper }}
</a>
</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock navigation %}
See also
References
- "mitsuhiko/twig". August 13, 2019 – via GitHub.
- "Release 3.2.1". 5 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- "Twig for Template Designers - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine". twig.symfony.com.
- "twigphp/Twig". July 1, 2020 – via GitHub.
- "Symfony2 Documentation — Documentation". web.archive.org. August 5, 2010.
- "Filters - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine". twig.symfony.com.
- "Extending Twig - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine". twig.symfony.com.
- "set - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine". twig.symfony.com.
External links
- Twig official website
- Templating Engines in PHP, Fabien Potencier, 2009
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