United States v. One Solid Gold Object in Form of a Rooster

The notion for the creation of the statue came about from Richard L. Graves (also known as Dick Graves) who ran the Sparks Nugget casino in Sparks, Nevada. To try and bring people in, he came up with the idea of a solid gold statue of a cock to bring in people.[6] He made a wooden model and telephoned the United States Mint in Washington, D.C. to ask them to make it in gold, which the Mint replied they could not manufacture it as they felt it was illegal for any individual to own sufficient gold to make it.[3] He eventually had it made in California under permission of the San Francisco Mint to melt down 300 ounces of 18-karat gold to make the statue.[3]

The finished statue was installed in the casino in 1958. It was placed in the main dining room which became known as the "Golden Rooster Room".[7] However, later in the year, the United States Secret Service told Graves the statue was illegal due to the gold in it. Graves hired the future Governor of Nevada, Paul Laxalt as his attorney. Laxalt explained to the Treasury that they had been given permission to make the statue and the matter did not proceed. However, in 1960, United States Marshals raided the casino and seized the cockerel statue.[8]

Before the case went to court, there was a pre-trial hearing regarding points of law. Two points raised were did the United States need to prove intent to violate the Gold Reserve Act to gain a warrant for seizure and did the United States need to prove their case beyond reasonable doubt. On both points, the judge ruled that intent was irrelevant in terms of getting a warrant and because this was a civil case and not a criminal one, the government only needed to show a preponderance of evidence.[9] The cock was then held in a federal bank vault until the case was heard as the judge refused to grant bail to it.[8] Whilst the golden cock was in federal custody, Graves responded to the denial of release by placing a bronze copy of the cock dressed in a striped prison uniform in his casino in the meantime.[3]

The case was held in 1962 before a jury. Graves initially argued that the statue was art and was legal under the Gold Reserve Act. The government contested this, claiming that that it was not a "customary use" for gold under Title 31 C.F.R. § 54.4(a)(9)(i) but eventually conceded it was art.[10] However they argued because it was being used as an advertisement, it was actually a commercial instrument and made claims that because, it was more than 90% gold it did not count as legally exempt "fabricated gold".[1] Graves had art experts from New York and Denver testify to the artistic merits of the statue, with one saying that the cock was "exquisite".[3] The government argued that the cock risked American economic security, citing the initial refusal of the grant to melt down the gold and Graves' evasive tactics in getting the authorization. They argued that if 1 in 180 Americans made similar gold objects, the United States would lose 25% of its gold reserves.[3] Laxalt compared the case to a modern-day David and Goliath citing the government as Goliath making decisions without knowing what Nevadians experienced. He also stated that if the jury found against the statue, the cock would have been melted down and placed in Fort Knox.[3] The judge said that the jury were directed to consider if the creation of the statue was a customary artistic use for gold.[1]

The jury found in favor of the cock.[1] The judge summed up the jury's decision that the cock had been made in good faith as a piece of art, rather than any attempt to hoard the gold.[1] In response, the government petitioned the judge for a judgment notwithstanding verdict to overrule the jury's decision and moved for a retrial on the grounds of misdirection of the jury and failure to allow witnesses citing that the ruling could result in people making 200oz golden steers. The judge denied both petitions on the grounds that the regulations under Title 31 were referring to gold in general and that a big statue made of gold would negate the assumption of good faith that was presumed by the jury in this case due to the size of the statue.[1] The government also argued that the court ruling was against the legislative intent of the Gold Reserve Act. The court replied that it was up to Congress to make clear what the intent was and that the initial text was too vague to specifically target the statue just because it was made of gold.[1]

The statue was returned and remained at the casino until 2013 when the casino was sold.[2] The statue was sold at auction for $234,000.[11] In 2019, the case was mentioned in a TED talk regarding abuse of civil forfeiture.[12]