Vaṃsa

Vaṃsa, alternatively spelled as Vamsa or Vamsha, is a Sanskrit word that means "family, lineage".[1][2][3] It also refers to a genre of ancient and medieval literature in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. This genre focuses on genealogies. They resemble the conventional histories found in the European literature, but differ as they predominantly chronicle myths and may integrate spiritual doctrines such as rebirths. A vamsa can be focussed on a dynasty, family, individual such as a saint, line of teachers of a particular tradition, or a place particularly of pilgrimage. Some of these texts are titled with vamsa as a suffix.[1][2][3]

Etymology

The word Vamsa has ancient roots and refers to bamboo cane or sugar cane reed. According to Monier Monier-Williams, the term evolved to mean lineage, likely inspired by the periodic lengths of a cane, where one distinct segment follows the previous, grows, ends and is the basis of another. The word is found in the sense of "line of teachers", genealogy and family tree in the Vedic text Shatapatha Brahmana, as well as in Sanskrit grammar text Ashtadhyayi by Pāṇini.[3] A related genre of Indic literature are the Charita, which focus on individual hagiographies.[4]

Vamsa appears in other Indic languages in derivative forms, such as bans.[5]

Buddhism

Buddhavaṃsa, Dipavaṃsa, and Mahāvaṃsa are examples of Buddhist vamsas. The Buddhavaṃsa chronicles the mythical lineage of 24 buddhas who preceded the actual human Buddha as Siddhartha, and includes the Bodhisatta doctrines.[6] The Dipavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa both are Theravada chronicles of the island of Sri Lanka presenting legends about the place from the birth of the Buddha to about the early medieval era.[1][7] According to Geiger, the Mahavamsa is likely based on Dipavamsa, these chronicles are of doubtful reliability.[8]

The Dāthāvaṃsa is the chronicle of the Buddha's tooth relic until the 9th-century CE. The Thūpavaṃsa is the purported legendary chronicle of the great stupa in Sri Lanka, mostly ahistorical stories from the 1st millennium. The Sāsanavaṃsa is Burmese text, written in 1861,[9] with a mythical description of central India from the 1st millennium BCE and thereafter, about the diffusion of Buddhism and its monastic institutions outside India.[10][1] The Sangītivaṃsa is a Thai text, composed in the 18th-century traces the Buddha lineage in India, Buddhism's purported migration from India and its history in Thailand, as well as the speculations of its decline.[1]

Hinduism

The Purana genre of Hindu literature includes genealogies just like Buddhist texts. Two common mythical lineages are called Surya-vamsa and Chandra-vamsa, solar (son-based) and lunar (daughter-based) lineages of kings, families and communities.[2][11] Additional two relatively newer royal vamsha being, Agni-vamsa[12][lower-alpha 1][13] and Naga-vamsa. [14][15][16] The Harivamsa is the legendary genealogy and story of the Hindu god Krishna.[17] It is found as an appendix to the Mahabharata.[18][19]

Balinese caste system, similar to mainstream Indian Hinduism, has been described in early 20th-century European literature to be based on three categories – triwangsa (thrice born) or the nobility, dwijati (twice born) in contrast to ekajati (once born) the low folks. Four statuses were identified in these sociological studies, spelled a bit differently from the caste categories for India:[20] Brahmanas – priest, Satrias – knighthood, Wesias – commerce, Sudras – servitude.

Jainism

The literature of Jainism includes Vamsa genre, such as its version of Harivamsa.[4]

See also

Notes
  1. There are numerous variant spellings of these clan names.

References
  1. Vamsa: Buddhist Literature, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  2. Romila Thapar (1978). Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations. Orient Blackswan. pp. 292–297. ISBN 978-81-250-0808-8.
  3. vaMza Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision), University of Koeln, Germany
  4. E. Sreedharan (2004). A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000. Orient Blackswan. p. 320. ISBN 978-81-250-2657-0.
  5. Ravindra K. Jain (2002). Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand. Orient Blackswan. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-81-250-2194-0.
  6. K.R. Norman (1983), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 7: Pali Literature, Editor: Jan Gonda, Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 3-447-02285-X, pages 92-94
  7. K.R. Norman (1983), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 7: Pali Literature, Editor: Jan Gonda, Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 3-447-02285-X, pages 7-10
  8. W Geiger (1930), The Trustworthiness of the Mahavamsa, Indian Historical Quarterly, Volume 6, Number 2, pages 205-226
  9. K.R. Norman (1983), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 7: Pali Literature, Editor: Jan Gonda, Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 3-447-02285-X, page 2
  10. Mabel Bode (1899), The Author of the Sāsanavaṃsa, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, (Jul., 1899), pp. 674-676
  11. Lotter, Stefanie (2011). "Distinctly Different Everywhere: Politics of Appearance Amongst Rana Elites Inside and Outside Nepal". Comparative Sociology. 10 (4): 508–527. doi:10.1163/156913311X590600.
  12. Jaswant Lal Mehta (1980), Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Sterling, p. 34, ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0
  13. Yadava, Ganga Prasad (1982). Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works. Concept.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link), page 32.
  14. Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002), Tribal Roots Of Hinduism, Sarup & Sons, page 177-231.
  15. Dasgupta, Samira; Amitabha Sarkar (2005). Reflection Of Ethno-science: Study On The Abujh Maria. Mittal Publications. p. 9. ISBN 978-8183240253.
  16. "Ranchi bids tearful farewell to last Maharaja". www.dailypioneer.com. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  17. Edwin F. Bryant (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–102. ISBN 978-0-19-972431-4.
  18. Couture, André; Schmid, Charlotte; Couture, Andre (2001). "The Harivaṃśa, the Goddess Ekānaṃśā, and the Iconography of the Vṛṣṇi Triads". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 121 (2): 173–192. doi:10.2307/606559.
  19. Austin, Christopher R (2014). "The Abduction of Śrī-Rukmiṇī: Politics, Genealogy and Theology". Religious Studies and Theology. Equinox Publishing. 33 (1): 23–46. doi:10.1558/rsth.v33i1.23.
  20. James Boon (1977). The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion. ISBN 0-521-21398-3.
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