Variable star designation

In astronomy, a variable star designation is a unique identifier given to variable stars. It uses a variation on the Bayer designation format, with an identifying label (as described below) preceding the Latin genitive of the name of the constellation in which the star lies. See List of constellations for a list of constellations and the genitive forms of their names. The identifying label can be one or two Latin letters or a V plus a number (e.g. V399). Examples are R Coronae Borealis, YZ Ceti, V603 Aquilae.

Naming

The current naming system is:[1]

  • Stars with existing Greek letter Bayer designations are not given new designations.
  • Otherwise, start with the letter R and go through Z.
  • Continue with RR...RZ, then use SS...SZ, TT...TZ and so on until ZZ.
  • Use AA...AZ, BB...BZ, CC...CZ and so on until reaching QZ, omitting J in both the first and second positions.[2]
  • Abandon the Latin script after 334 combinations of letters and start naming stars with V335, V336, and so on.

The second letter is never nearer the beginning of the alphabet than the first, e.g., no star can be BA, CA, CB, DA and so on.

History

In the early 19th century few variable stars were known, so it seemed reasonable to use the letters of the Latin script. Because very few constellations contained stars with uppercase Latin-letter Bayer designation greater than Q, the letter R was chosen as a starting point so as to avoid confusion with letter spectral types or the (now rarely used) Latin-letter Bayer designations. Although Lacaille had used uppercase R to Z letters in a few cases, for example X Puppis (HR 2548), these designations were either dropped or accepted as variable star designations.[3] The star T Puppis was accepted by Argelander as a variable star and is included in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars with that designation but is now classed as non-variable.[4]

This variable star naming convention was developed by Friedrich W. Argelander. There is a widespread belief according to which Argelander chose the letter R for German rot or French rouge, both meaning "red", because many variable stars known at that time appear red.[5] However, Argelander's own statement disproves this.[6]

By 1836, even the letter S had only been used in one constellation, Serpens. With the advent of photography the number of variables piled up quickly, and variable star names soon fell into the Bayer trap of reaching the end of the alphabet while still having stars to name. After two subsequent supplementary double-lettering systems hit similar limits, numbers were finally introduced.[6]

As with all categories of astronomical objects, names are assigned by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). The IAU delegates the task to the Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow, Russia. Sternberg publishes the General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS), which is periodically (approximately once every two years) amended by the publication of a new "Name-List" of variable stars.[7] For example, in December 2011 the 80th Name-List of Variable Stars, Part II, was released, containing designations for 2,161 recently discovered variable stars; these brought the total number of variable stars in the GCVS to 45,678. Among the newly designated objects were V0654 Aurigae, V1367 Centauri, and BU Coronae Borealis.[8]

See also

References
  1. David H. Levy (15 December 2005). David Levy's Guide to Variable Stars. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-521-60860-2.
  2. Most of this system was invented in Germany, which was still on Fraktur at the time, in which the majuscules "I" and "J" can be difficult to distinguish.
  3. Morton Wagman (2003). Lost Stars: Lost, Missing, and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas-Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Lost Stars: Lost. McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. pp. viii+540. Bibcode:2003lslm.book.....W. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6.
  4. Nicolas-Louis de La Caille (1763). Coelum australe stelliferum. Hipp. Lud.Guerin & Lud. Fr. Delatour.
  5. Chapman, David M. F. (1999). "Reflections: F.W.A. Argelander - Star Charts and Variable Stars". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 93: 17. Bibcode:1999JRASC..93...17C.
  6. "The names and catalogues of variable stars". Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  7. "GCVS RESEARCH GROUP". Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  8. Kazarovets, E. V.; Samus, N. N. (2013). "Novae in the 80th Name-list of Variable Stars (Part 3): Official Announcement of GCVS Names". Peremennye Zvezdy. 33 (3): 3. Bibcode:2013PZ.....33....3K.

Further reading
  • Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1: B/gcvs. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
  • "The names and catalogues of variable stars". Les étoiles variables - The variable stars. Retrieved 2005-11-06.
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