Villa Mills

Image from 1907 showing the position of the villa above the ruins of the Domus Augustana.

The Colosseum from the gardens of Villa Mills in 1906–1907.

In the sixteenth century, the area where Villa Mills was located was essentially made up of gardens and vineyards, part of the famous Orti Farnesiani on the Palatine Hill created by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese.[2]

A small country house was built by the Stati family above the ancient Domus Augustana, with a small loggia decorated with frescoes by Baldassarre Peruzzi - depicting the zodiac, muses, and other classical themes - and by other painters from Raphael's workshop. Later the villa passed through the hands of the main families of Rome, such as the Colonna, the Mattei di Giove, the Spada and the Magnani, and other lesser known owners,[3] and was known as Villa Mattei al Palatino or Villa Stati- Mattei. In 1818, the property was bought by Charles Andrew Mills (1770-1846) and the English archaeologist William Gell(1777-1836).[4] In 1824 the two restored the small open Renaissance loggia which housed Peruzzi's frescoes.[5] Later on, medallions with a rose, a thistle, and a clover were placed on the pendentives of the painted arches of the first floor, while the pillars of the entrance gate were decorated with thistles.[6][7]

In 1846, [lower-alpha 1] Robert Smith (1787-1873), a former officer of the East India Company, bought Villa Mills after marrying a French heiress, Julia Adelaide Vitton de Claude, and after the birth of the couple's son, Robert Claude, in Venice in 1843.[8]

Mills is believed to have added Gothic elements to the villa using the services of a "fashionable British architect" to create "pinnacles, battlements, cornices, and cloisters" and also two Chinese pagodas, painted yellow, over augustane spas [9] Given the lack of evidence of Mills' "changes", it can be argued that it was Smith and not him who was responsible.[10] Although some evidence suggests that the villa was built by Mills, as the thistles in the decoration indicate, a reference to its Scottish origin,[11] the building reveals much more of Smith's mixed style, with Gothic and Italian elements linked to other Indians in a central rotunda flanked by two octagonal towers with a loggia with arches at the bottom: with the ruins of ancient civilizations under the building and a grandiose panorama above, the design of the villa is reminiscent of a bungalow in Delhi. In confirmation of this thesis, the guests of the villa during the period in which Charles Mills was alive did not mention the "eccentric" aspect of the complex, which surely would have done if the modifications had already been present.[12] In these accounts, the garden appears to have been the most attractive point of the villa rather than the architecture of the palace, making it all the more likely that the new additions were the work of Smith and not Mills.[7][13]

Another view (ca. 1906-1907), of the other side, with the Palatine Stadium in the foreground and the Villa Mills in the background.

In 1856, the property was sold to the sisters of the Visitation,[14] and enlarged by Virginio Vespignani. However, being built over the ruins of the ancient imperial palaces of the Palatine, the villa incorporated in its private property precious evidence of the early stages of the Roman Empire.

Although excavations had been carried out at the site in the mid-18th century,[3] at some point the research and preservation of knowledge of the earlier ages of the city became a priority through much deeper exploration than the simple summary inspections conducted until then. The decision to demolish the villa therefore became inevitable, an operation carried out under the direction of the archaeologist Alfonso Bartoli, responsible for the excavations of the Roman Forum and the Palatine Hill, who claimed that the new discoveries would amply justify the destruction of the magnificent building. The excavations conducted between 1926 and 1929 were very productive and, consequently, the only surviving structure of the Renaissance complex is a small lodge left over from the old palace, and a more recent structure, already built by the sisters of the Visitation, which has become the seat of the Antiquarium of the Palatine.[3]

After the demolition of Villa Mills, systematic excavations were started on the site and the residences where the first Roman emperors lived were brought to light: the Domus Augustana, which was the private part of the palace with the Augustan's private apartments and baths, enlarged by Domitian .

Palatine Museum.

After the demolition of Villa Mills, one of the few preserved structures was called "Loggetta Mattei" or "Casina Farnese", which had housed the frescoes of Baldassarre Peruzzi, and a nineteenth century building where the Palatine Museum is located.[15]