Vladimir Gribov

Gribov was born in Leningrad in 1930 to a Jewish family. His father died in 1938 as a result of disease. His mother, a theater worker, not an actress, brought up alone him and his younger sister. In 1941 the family was evacuated deep into the USSR and returned in 1945. In 1947 he finished here the school course. He dreamed to become an actor, best of all, a cinema actor. However, when being in senior school classes, he expose himself to filming. Under camera he became “frozen” and lost his natural mobility. So, he followed an advise to choose another profession. His choice was physics. In 1947 Gribov enrolled in Physical Faculty of the Leningrad University that he graduated in 1952 with diploma cum laude.[3]

Due to strong state anti-semitism of that time in the USSR he was able only to find a position of a physics teacher in an evening school for adults - position with low prestige and salary. He spent two years there, and in 1954, after Stalin's death, joined the Ioffe Institute in Leningrad (then called the Physical-Technical Institute, PTI), and soon became the de facto leader of the theoretical department.[4]

In the late 1950s, he participated in Lev Landau's famous weekly seminars in Moscow, where he met Isaak Pomeranchuk, who he greatly admired and with whom he collaborated intensely. When the PTI theory department where Gribov worked, became a part of the Leningrad Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNPI) in 1971, Gribov became a leader of a seminar on quantum field theory and elementary particle physics. This seminar became famous both within the Soviet Union and internationally, because of its open-ended discussions, where prominent Russian scientists often voiced vigorous objections and debated points with the speaker and with one another. In these debates, each participant was treated equally regardless of position and reputation— the only thing that mattered was the physics. Foreign guests, no matter how prestigious, would often find themselves interrupted and corrected by Gribov in mid-lecture.

Although Gribov was most interested in elementary particle physics, he enjoyed discussing problems from all fields of physics and drew many inspirations from solid-state physics. One of the principles at his institute was that a theorist should never refuse to help an experimentalist.

Gribov was not an open political dissident, but he had a reputation as an independent and critical thinker.[5] So despite his international recognition, Gribov was not allowed to travel abroad for many decades.[6]

In 1980, Gribov became a professor at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow, and in the 1990s he was also appointed a scientific advisor at the Central Research Institute for Physics in Budapest. Towards the end of the 1990s he was a visiting professor at the Institute for Nuclear Physics in the University of Bonn. He received the 1991 Sakurai Prize, the 1991 Alexander von Humboldt Prize, and was the first recipient of the Landau Prize awarded by the Soviet Academy of Sciences. He was made a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971 and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1972.

He was twice married and together with his first wife, the physicist Lilya Dubinskaya, had a son Lenja Gribov.[7] Lenja died in a mountaineering accident shortly after he completed his PhD in theoretical physics, a tragedy which weighed on Gribov heavily. His second wife was Julia Nyri, a Hungarian physicist.

Gribov founded and led an influential school of theoretical elementary particle physics in Leningrad. He was widely admired for his physical intuition, which was often compared to that of two other prominent members of the Landau seminar Arkady Migdal and Isaak Pomeranchuk and even of Lev Landau himself.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Gribov recognized an inconsistency in the then popular model of the strongly interacting particles as diffracting black-disks, and replaced this hypothesis with the pomeron, a description of maximum possible interaction which is relativistically consistent. He went on to formulate the reggeon field theory, a perturbative framework for analyzing reggeon exchange.[8]

In quantum field theory, Gribov was instrumental in understanding how Regge behavior emerges from field theories which are described by point-particles. He developed the parton model with a different focus than Richard Feynman, using partons to give a qualitative description of the pomeron as a diffusive process. Close collaborators went on to formulate a perturbative description of the closely related hard pomeron within QCD.

Gribov was the first to note that covariant gauge fixing in a non-abelian gauge theory leaves a large amount of gauge freedom unfixed, which separates the Gauge field phase space into oddly shaped regions called Gribov copies which have the property that it is difficult to stay in any one copy while randomly walking around field space. Gribov noted that this is crucial for gluon confinement, since a mass gap precisely means that the field fluctuations are of a bounded size. This insight played a crucial role in Feynman's semi-quantitative explanation for the confinement phenomenon in 2+1 dimensional nonabelian gauge theory, a method which was recently extended by Karbali and Nair into a fully quantitative description of the 2+1 dimensional nonabelian gauge vacuum.

In collaboration with Lev Lipatov, he developed in 1971 an influential theory of logarithmic corrections to deep-inelastic lepton–hadron scattering and electron-positron hadron-production, using evolution equations for the structure functions of the hadrons, the quark–gluon distribution functions. This was a foundational advance in perturbative QCD.[9] This work was extended by Guido Altarelli and Giorgio Parisi and by Dokshitzer and is still very active today.

In his last years, Gribov was attempting to construct a theory for quark confinement based on a rough analogy to the electromagnetic phenomenon of maximum nuclear charge.

• Strong interactions of hadrons at high energies, Cambridge University Press (2008) (Gribov's lectures from the 1970s)
• The theory of complex angular momentum, Cambridge University Press (2003) (Gribov lectures in 1969)
• "Orsay Lectures on Confinement", part 1 1992, part 2, part 3
• "QCD at large and short distances", 1998, work on the confinement problem and „Theory of quark confinement“ 1999, second and posthumous part of the work
• "Space-Time Description of the hadron interaction at high energies", Eighth St. Petersburg Winter School, 1973

• History of string theory

[1]

• Obituary
• Another obituary from 1998 with a description of his seminar
• A note by Yuri Dokshitzer