Wankel Diesel engine

Wankel Diesel engine describes the idea of using the Diesel cycle in a Wankel rotary engine. Several attempts to build such an engine have been made by different engineers and manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s. Due to technical problems and the general disadvantages of the Wankel design, the Wankel Diesel engine never left the prototype stage, and designing a Wankel Diesel engine capable of running under its own power is thus considered unfeasible.

Design concept
Characteristics of the Diesel engine
  • Compression ignition
  • Mixture formation inside the combustion chamber
  • Engine speed govering solely by mixture quality
  • Heterogeneous air-fuel mixture
  • High air ratio
  • Diffusion flame
  • Fuel with high ignition performance
Source:[1]
Rolls-Royce 2-R6 prototype, shaped like the 8-digit.
Rolls-Royce R1C prototype.

A Wankel Diesel engine shares its basic design, a triangular-like rotor in an oval, epitrochoid-shaped housing, with a regular Wankel engine. The key difference is that it shares all of its operational characteristics with a Diesel engine. In addition to this, supercharging is required: A regular Diesel engine achieves compression ignition by a high compression ratio, which cannot be done in a Wankel engine due to the shape of the Wankel combustion chamber; supercharging ″artificially″ increases the compression ratio to ensure that compression ignition takes place.[2] There exist several different approaches of designing a supercharger for a Wankel Diesel engine. Wankel designed an external supercharger,[3] whereas Rolls-Royce added a secondary supercharging rotor of a bigger size, making the engine a two-stage rotary, which gave the housing an eight-like appearance.[4]

Reasons for designing a Wankel Diesel engine

Compared with a Diesel engine, a regular petrol engine has a lower thermal efficiency. However, in the 1960s, the petrol engine advantages of lower mass, fewer vibrations and less noise emissions, all of which are important for passenger cars, were still prevailing. Low mass and smooth engine operation are also characteristics of the Wankel engine – combining Wankel design with Diesel characteristics would result in an efficient engine with low mass and few vibrations. Making a Wankel engine that can burn Diesel engine fuel, but which does not use the Diesel principle, can be useful if Diesel engine fuel is less expensive than petrol.[5] In a 1974 study conducted for the EPA, it was attempted to determine whether or not a Wankel Diesel engine has a better exhaust behaviour than a regular Otto cycle petrol engine.[6]

Causes of infeasibility

The main cause of Wankel Diesel engine infeasibility is the shape of the combustion chamber, located in the rotary piston: It is elongated and convex, thus not allowing a high enough compression ratio (without too much heat loss),[7] even in combination with a (solely crankshaft or exhaust gas driven) supercharger. This means that the engine is only functional if it is fed externally compressed air, as it requires more work to operate than it can produce. Also, designing a proper combustion chamber, correctly angled towards the injection nozzle to allow proper mixture formation, proved to be quite difficult;[8] the EPA study proves that the Wankel Diesel engine's exhaust contains disproportionally high levels of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), indicating incomplete combustion.[6]

Prototype development

Diesel-Ring

The Diesel-Ring was a joint venture of the German Diesel engine manufacturers Daimler-Benz, MAN, Krupp and KHD. Development was ceased in 1969, because the shape of the Wankel engine combustion chamber was considered ineligible for the Diesel principle.[8][7]

Rolls-Royce

Rolls-Royce began developing a lightweight military Wankel Diesel engine for the MoD in 1964.[4] Fritz Feller was the leading engineer of the project.[9] Soon, it became obvious that a regular Wankel engine would not be suitable for the high compression ratio needed for compression ignition, which led to the idea of using another rotary piston as a supercharger. Early tests were conducted with a modified NSU Wankel engine, that was fed pre-heated compressed air to achieve compression ignition. This test engine displaced 0.25 litre and ran for 94 hours before it broke; the fuel consumption ranged from 0.84 lb/hp·h to 1.4 lb/hp·h (511 g/kW·h to 852 g/kW·h).[10] The sealing material proved to be insufficient, leading to high sealing loss; new materials had to be engineered. Furthermore, designing a good combustion chamber, allowing good mixture of air and fuel, turned out to be considerably diffult and thus required a lot of development work.[11] To avoid the problem of having a complicated combustion chamber in the rotor, a precombustion chamber was considered an option, but it was later abandoned, because making a housing with a proper precombustion chamber seemed unfeasible.[12]

The first prototype, made of an NSU KKM 502 Wankel engine, was called R1 and featured a two stage design with two rotors and an 8-shaped housing. It had a compression chamber volume of 1.126 litre and borrowed its 0.5 litre combustion chamber displacement from the KKM 502.[13] In total, eight different evolutions of the R1 were made, named in alphabetical order, (R1A, R1B, R1C,...).[14] The fifth evolution, which as called R1E, had an increased 1.265 litre compression chamber, but it retained the 0.5 litre combustion chamber. Its power output was about 40 kW;[15] fuel consumption was approximately 220 g/kW·h.[16] The prototype R2 had a 3-rotor design; R3 was the first version of a powerplant with a greater displacement, capable of developing more power.[17] The first prototypes having the planned engine size, were called the R4 and R5. In the R5, the first rotor stage was only used for compressing the intake air, the exhaust gas was not used to power it. Instead, the exhaust gas was sent through an external exhaust gas turbine.[18]

In early 1970,[19] the prototype 2-R6 was completed.[20] It is also a two-stage rotary engine, with the smaller combustion rotor on top of the bigger compression rotor. The rotors are connected with a gear ratio of 1 : 1 and rotate in the same direction. Unlike the R5 prototype, the 2-R6 uses the exhaust gas energy with its compression rotor instead of an external exhaust gas turbine. Torque is not taken off the combustion rotor, but the compression rotor instead. The engine has a displacement of 396 in3 (6.5 litre) and was supposed to have a power output of 350 hp (261 kW),[16] but having a mass of only 929 lb (421 kg). At the time, this would have been 50 % of the mass of a comparable piston Diesel engine with the same power output.[4] Further plans included a more powerful 700 hp (522 kW) version of the engine in addition to the regular 350 hp variant.[16][20] However, despite using special alloys, the engine mass was 1150 lb (522 kg)[21] and the power output of 180 hp (134 kW) barely exceeded 50 % of the projected 350 hp. All runs on the test bed required using externally produced compressed air, the engine did never run under its own power.[18] It is said that due to financial problems, the Wankel Diesel engine project was cancelled in 1974. It was conjectured, that the Yom Kippur War made the British Military lose the interest in a compact tank powerplant, resulting in governmental subsidies to get cut.[20] It is much more likely though, that designing a working Wankel Diesel engine is simply not possible.[22]

Felix Wankel

Wankel designed a Wankel Diesel engine with two clover-shaped housings and a compressor in between. Unlike in a regular Wankel engine, the rotary pistons are not shaped like a Reuleaux triangle, but like a bulgy quadrate. The compressor rotor has the shape of an ellipse. Despite the unusual design, this engine was functional under test conditions on a test bed. A second prototype with just one rotor for testing purposes was made. It had a displacement of 0.7 litre and passed a 20-hour test run where it produced a peak torque of 60 N·m.[3]

Bibliography
  • Fritz Feller: The 2-stage rotary engine – A new concept in diesel power, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1970–71, Vol. 185 13/71, p. 139–158

References
  1. Stefan Pischinger, Ulrich Seiffert (2016). Vieweg Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik. 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden. p. 348. ISBN 978-3-658-09528-4.
  2. Wolf-Dieter Bensinger: Rotationskolben-Verbrennungsmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1973, ISBN 978-3-642-52174-4. p. 86
  3. Jan P. Norbye: The View Down the Road, Popular Science, March 1973, p. 62
  4. David Scott: NOW! A Diesel Wankel from Rolls-Royce, Popular Science, February 1971, p. 80
  5. John B. Hege: The Wankel Rotary Engine: A History, McFarland, 2017, ISBN 978-0-7864-8658-8, p. 100
  6. M. L. Monaghan, C. C. J. French, R. G. Freese: A STUDY OF THE DIESEL AS A LIGHT-DUTY POWER PLANT, EPA-460/3-74-011, July 1974, Section 1–15
  7. Wolf-Dieter Bensinger: Rotationskolben-Verbrennungsmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1973, ISBN 978-3-642-52174-4. p. 145
  8. Ulrich Christoph Knapp, Gunter Bayerl: Wankel auf dem Prüfstand, Waxmann, ISBN 978-3-8309-6637-1, p. 120
  9. John B. Hege: The Wankel Rotary Engine: A History, McFarland, 2017, ISBN 978-0-7864-8658-8, p. 101
  10. Fritz Feller: The 2-stage rotary engine – A new concept in diesel power, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1970–71, Vol. 185 13/71, p. 143
  11. John B. Hege: The Wankel Rotary Engine: A History, McFarland, 2017, ISBN 978-0-7864-8658-8, p. 102
  12. Road Test, Band 9, Quinn Publications, 1973, p. 10
  13. Fritz Feller: The 2-stage rotary engine – A new concept in diesel power, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1970–71, Vol. 185 13/71, p. 150
  14. Fritz Feller: The 2-stage rotary engine – A new concept in diesel power, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1970–71, Vol. 185 13/71, p. 151
  15. Wolf-Dieter Bensinger: Rotationskolben-Verbrennungsmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1973, ISBN 978-3-642-52174-4. p. 147
  16. Wolf-Dieter Bensinger: Rotationskolben-Verbrennungsmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1973, ISBN 978-3-642-52174-4. p. 148
  17. Fritz Feller: The 2-stage rotary engine – A new concept in diesel power, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1970–71, Vol. 185 13/71, p. 153
  18. Road Test, Band 9, Quinn Publications, 1973, p. 11
  19. Fritz Feller: The 2-stage rotary engine – A new concept in diesel power, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1970–71, Vol. 185 13/71, p. 156
  20. John B. Hege: The Wankel Rotary Engine: A History, McFarland, 2017, ISBN 978-0-7864-8658-8, pp. 103
  21. Road Test, Band 9, Quinn Publications, 1973, p. 92
  22. Ulrich Christoph Knapp, Gunter Bayerl: Wankel auf dem Prüfstand, Waxmann, ISBN 978-3-8309-6637-1, pp. 121
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