Women in geology
Women in geology concerns the history and contributions of women to the field of geology. There has been a long history of women in the field, but they have tended to be under-represented. In the era before the eighteenth century, science and geological science had not been as formalized as they would become later. Hence early geologists tended to be informal observers and collectors, whether they were male or female. Notable examples of this period include Hildegard of Bingen who wrote works concerning stones and Barbara Uthmann who supervised her husband's mining operations after his death. Mrs. Uthmann was also a relative of Georg Agricola. In addition to these names varied aristocratic women had scientific collections of rocks or minerals.[1]
In the nineteenth century a new professional class of geologists emerged that included women. In this period the British tended to have far more women of significance to geology.[2]
In 1977 the Association for Women Geoscientists was formed to support women in this field as they remained under-represented. There have been advances since then although retention remains a problem.
Timeline of women in geology
- 1642: Martine Bertereau, first recorded woman mineralogist, was imprisoned in France on suspicion of witchcraft.[3]
- 1824: Emma Hart Willard published Ancient Geography as a supplement to Woodbridge's System of Universal Geography.[4]
- 1833: Mary Austin Holley remarks and publishes on the soils, water resources, minerals, and mountains of the Texas region.[5]
- 1841: Orra White Hitchcock, Sarah Hall, and Mrs. Brooks among first women to illustrate geological publications.[6]
- 1865: Elizabeth Carne was elected the first female Fellow of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.[7]
- 1866: Mrs. Myers, Kate Andrews, and Harriet Huntsman's work appear in the Illinois, Ohio, and Kansas survey reports respectively.[6]
- 1889: Mary Emilie Holmes became the first female Fellow of the Geological Society of America.[8]
- 1893: Florence Bascom became the second woman to earn her Ph.D in geology in the United States, and the first woman to receive a Ph.D from Johns Hopkins University.[9][10] Geologists consider her to be the "first woman geologist in this country [America]."[11]
- 1896: Florence Bascom became the first woman to work for the United States Geological Survey.[12][13]
- 1901: Florence Bascom became the first female geologist to present a paper before the Geological Survey of Washington.[14]
- 1909: Alice Wilson became the first female geologist hired by the Geological Survey of Canada.[15][16] She is widely credited as being the first Canadian woman geologist.[17]
- 1919: Women were first allowed to become Fellows of the Geological Society of London.[18][19]
- 1924: Florence Bascom became the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America.[14]
- 1936: Inge Lehmann discovered that the Earth has a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core.[20]
- 1938: Alice Wilson became the first woman appointed as Fellow to the Royal Society of Canada.[17]
- 1942: American geologist Marguerite Williams became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in geology in the United States. She completed her doctorate, entitled A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Drainage Basin, at Catholic University.[21][22]
- 1943: Eileen Guppy was promoted to the rank of assistant geologist, therefore becoming the first female geology graduate appointed to the scientific staff of the British Geological Survey.[23]
- 1955: Moira Dunbar became the first female glaciologist to study sea ice from a Canadian icebreaker ship.[24][25][26]
- 1963: Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir completed her studies at Stockholm University and became the first female Icelandic geologist.[27]
- 1966: Eileen Guppy became the first female staff member of the British Geological Survey to be awarded an MBE.[28]
- 1967: Sue Arnold became the first female British Geological Survey person to go to sea on a research vessel.[23]
- 1969: Beris Cox became the first female paleontologist in the British Geological Survey.[23]
- 1971: Audrey Jackson became the first female field geologist in the British Geological Survey.[23]
- 1975: Female officers of the British Geological Survey no longer had to resign upon getting married.[23]
- 1977: The Association for Women Geoscientists was founded.[29]
- 1980: Geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi became the first woman elected to the Science Council of Japan.[30]
- 1982: Janet Watson became the first woman president of the Geological Society of London.[31]
- 1983: Geologist Sudipta Sengupta (and marine biologist Aditi Pant) became one of the first two Indian women to join an Antarctic expedition.[32]
- 1991: Doris Malkin Curtis became the first woman president of the Geological Society of America.[33]
- 1991: Indian geologist Sudipta Sengupta became the first woman scientist to receive the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in the Earth Sciences category.[34][35]
- 1995: Karst in China: its Geomorphology and Environment by Marjorie Sweeting was published; it was the first comprehensive Western account of China's karst.[36][37]
- 1995: Jane Plant became the first female Deputy Director of the British Geological Survey.[23]
- 2010: Marcia McNutt became the first female director of the United States Geological Survey.[38]
- 2014: Maureen Raymo became the first woman to be awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London.[39][40]
- 2016: Geophysicist Marcia McNutt became the first woman president of the American National Academy of Sciences.[41]
Notable women geologists
- Claudia Alexander - notable member of the Association for Women Geoscientists
- Florence Bascom - first woman hired by the United States Geological Survey
- Helen Belyea - Canadian geologist
- Mary Anning (1799–1847) - early British paleontologist
- Etheldred Benett - early female geologist in Britain
- Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Carne - early female geologist in Britain
- Margaret Crosfield - early English paleontologist and geologist
- Jane Francis - director of the British Antarctic Survey
- Maria Matilda Ogilvie Gordon (1864 - 1939) - Scottish geologist and paleontologist, 1932 Lyell Medal
- Rhea Graham - director of the US Bureau of Mines[42]
- Robbie Gries - former president of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists[43]
- Dorothy Hill - only female president of the Australian Academy of Science
- Miriam Kastner - distinguished Professor of Earth Sciences at University of California, San Diego, 2008 Maurice Ewing Medal
- Inge Lehmann - Danish seismologist who discovered the Earth's inner core
- Margaret Leinen - American paleoclimatologist, director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Lorraine Lisiecki - American palaeoclimatologist
- Mary Horner Lyell - nineteenth-century British geologist
- Marcia McNutt - American geophysicist, former director of the United States Geological Survey, science adviser to the United States Secretary of the Interior and president and chief executive officer of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
- Isabel P. Montañez - Distinguished Professor of Geosciences and Chancellor's Leadership Professor at University of California, Davis, President (2017-2018) of The Geological Society of America
- Marie Morisawa - American geomorphologist
- Helen Morningstar - American geologist, professor in Geology and Paleontology in Ohio State University, member of Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, the A.A.A.S. and the Paleontological Society of America
- Sharon Mosher - former President, Geological Society of America
- Alexandra Navrotsky - 1973 Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, 1988 American Geophysical Union Fellow, 1997 Geological Society of America Fellow, 2006 Harry H. Hess Medal
- María Páramo - Colombian geologist and paleontologist
- Maureen Raymo - director of the Lamont-Doherty Core Repository at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
- Sudipta Sengupta - professor in structural geology in Jadavpur University, Calcutta
- Ethel Shakespear - English geologist
- Norah Dowell Stearns - American hydrogeologist
- Dawn Sumner - American geologist, planetary scientist, and astrobiologist
- Marjorie Sweeting - lecturer at Oxford University and wrote the first comprehensive Western account of China's karst
- Marie Tharp - A discoverer of the Mid-ocean ridge
- Susan E. Trumbore - member, US National Academy of Sciences, Director, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
- Janet Vida Watson - Lyell Medal, Bigsby Medal, and a past President of the Geological Society of London
- Dawn Wright - African-American marine geologist, fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science, ALVIN diver
- Maria Zuber - E.A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2012 Harry H. Hess Medal
- Larissa Anatoljewna Popugajewa - Soviet geologist and discoverer of diamond deposits in the USSR
- Anna Missuna - Russian-born Polish geologist, mineralogist, and paleontologist
See also
References
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- Creese, Mary R. S.; Creese, Thomas M. (5 January 2009). "British women who contributed to research in the geological sciences in the nineteenth century". The British Journal for the History of Science. 27 (1): 23. doi:10.1017/S0007087400031654.
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External links
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