X-Patent

The X-Patents are all the patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office from July 1790 (when the first U.S. patent was issued), to July 1836. The actual number is unknown, but the best estimate is 9,957. The records were burned in a fire, in December 1836, while in temporary storage. No copies or rosters were maintained by the government at the time, leaving only the inventors' copies to reconstruct the collection.

X-Patent number 72, Eli Whitney's cotton gin.

The USPTO and its earliest days

The Patent Commission of the U.S. was created in 1790. Its first three members were Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph.

On July 31, 1790, inventor Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person to be issued a patent in the United States. His patented invention was an improvement in the "making of Pot Ash by a new apparatus & process." The earliest patent law required that a working model of each invention be produced in miniature.

The Patent Law was revised for the first time in 1793. It adopted a simple registration system where a patent would be granted for a $30 fee. The Patent Board was replaced by a clerk in the Department of State. James Madison, Secretary of State, created a separate Patent Office within the State Department and he appointed Dr. William Thornton as its first superintendent in May 1802.

The Patent Office was the only major government building to survive the British invasion of Washington, D.C., during the War of 1812. This is credited to Dr. William Thornton who was building a musical instrument in the same building. He persuaded British officers that they would be destroying the shared intellectual record of mankind if the patents were burned. [1]

The 1836 fire
Main article: 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire

The Patent Office 1836 fire occurred on December 15 when the patents were in temporary storage while a new (more fireproof) facility was being built. A fire station was located next to the temporary storage facility, but the hoses and pumps were frozen, and the firemen were unable to prevent the loss.

Recovery of the X-Patents

The United States Congress immediately passed a law to aid re-issuing of the missing patents after the fire. About 2,800 such patents have been recovered,[2] and 1,989 are online.

Up until five months prior to the fire, U.S. patents had not been numbered, and were identified by titles and dates. The first patent denoted with the serial numbering system still in use today was issued on July 13, 1836, and was given the number 1.[3] The recovered patents are also numbered from 1, but these numbers have an "X" added to them. The X is generally added to the end of the number except for the first patent which has the X in the beginning of the number. Therefore, they are called X-Patents.

When an earlier patent was recovered and re-issued, the USPTO sometimes gave it a fractional number (e.g. 2960½X, issued on June 2, 1818; 8736¾X, issued on March 27, 1835) to preserve the correct sequence. Most, but not all, fractional patents are X-Patents.

The latest X-Patents were recovered in 2004 from the Dartmouth College archives.[4] Of the 14 found, 10 were granted to Samuel Morey including the first known patent for an internal combustion engine.

A list of some X-Patents
PatentInventionInventorDateLinkNotes
X1 Potash production Samuel Hopkins July 31, 1790 U.S. Patent X1 First U.S. patent
X72 Cotton Gin Eli Whitney March 14, 1794 U.S. Patent X72 Revolutionized cotton farming and textiles industry
X4378 Gas Or Vapor Engine Samuel Morey April 1, 1826 U.S. Patent X4378  
X9000 Grate N. Winslow July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9000  
X9430 Improvement in Fire-Arms Samuel Colt February 25, 1836 U.S. Patent X9430 A key patent in revolver history
X9899 Brick Machine C. Waterman July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9899  
X9894 Plow Moldboard I. Snider July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9894  
X9893 Lock A. Roff July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9893  
X9890 Thrashing Mach. A. Parson July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9890  
X9889 Cook Stove W. Parmalee July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9889  
X9887 Plow T. Miller July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9887  
X9886 Dressing Stares C. McGregory July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9886  
X9885 Cotton Gin J. McCreight July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9885  
X9884 Door Lock J. Mo Clory July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9884  
X9882 Clover Huller W. Loomis July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9882  
X9879 Feather Dresser F.P.Knowlton July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9879  
X9878 Platform Balance J. Horton July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9878  
X9877 Nail Extractor R. Haynes July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9877  
X9876 Cotton Press H.G. Guyon July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9876  
X9875 Cook Stove C. Granger July 2, 1836 U.S. Patent X9875  

See also

References
  1. "Great Patent Fire of 1836". The United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
  2. Riordan, Teresa. "Lawyers Unearth Early Patents". New York Times.
  3. https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/issuyear.htm
  4. Riordan, Teresa (August 9, 2004). "Lawyers Unearth Early Patents". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
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