Çerkes Ethem

Çerkes Ethem (Turkish for "Ethem the Circassian"; 1886 – 21 September 1948) or Psheu Ethem (Adyghe: Дыпщэу Iэтэм, romanized: Dıpşəw 'ətəm) of House of Dipsheu was an Ottoman militia leader of Circassian origin who initially gained fame for fighting and gaining victories against the Allied powers invading Anatolia in the aftermath of World War I and afterwards during the Turkish War of Independence.[1][2][3]

Psheu Ethem
Born1886
Bandırma, Hüdavendigâr Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (present-day Balıkesir, Turkey)
Died21 September 1948
Amman, Jordan
Resting placeCemetery of Habjouka in Al-Misdar, Amman, Jordan
NationalityCircassian
Other namesPsheu/Pşevu Çerkez/Çerkes Edhem/Ethem
EducationBakırköy Cavalry Junior Officer School
Known forMilitia leader gained fame for fighting against the Allied powers invading Anatolia
Height2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)
Parent(s)
  • Psheu Ali Bey (father)
FamilyHouse of Dipsheu

Early life and family

His family, House of Dipsheu of the Circassian people, was originally from Ubykhia province of Circassia, who were exiled to Ottoman Empire in the 1860s.[1] He was born in Emre village of Bandırma as the son of Psheu Ali Bey.[1] One of his brothers was a Member of Parliament for Saruhan (present-day Manisa) in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey's first legislative term and previously in the fourth term of the Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire. His other brother was a senior military officer who graduated from the Turkish Military Academy in 1902.

Ethem the Circassian had blond hair, light blue eyes, and very pale skin, as described by Halide Edip Adıvar.[4] He stood at 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) tall.

Education and military career

He ran from home when he was 14 years old to join Bakırköy Cavalry Junior Officer School. He joined the Balkan War and was wounded on the Bulgarian front. As a result, he was awarded with honours and seniority allowance. Later he joined Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa organized by Eşref Kuşçubaşı and participated in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq during World War I. He was again wounded and retired to his village. For a while he took up banditry in the mountains. He then founded Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre which was the only organized military force in Anatolia during 1919–1920, period between the Armistice of Mudros and the Treaty of Sèvres. He coordinated his military operations with Ali Fuat Paşa in Ankara and harassed the invading Greek armies with his fast cavalry. He was instrumental in putting down various rebellions against the authority of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Eventually he had a disagreement with the İsmet İnönü government in Ankara, refusing to join his forces with the regular army established under the command of İnönü Paşa. Newly reconstituted Turkish Army had to put down the situation whilst also fighting the Greeks at First Battle of İnönü. His alleged subsequent surrender to and cooperation (disputed by historians in Turkey until his restoration of honour) with the Greek army resulted in his citizenship getting revoked on the grounds of treason and his being announced a persona non grata by the TBMM, amongst many others. From Greece, he went to Jordan and settled there.

Cooperation with Atatürk's forces against the Allied powers

Çerkes Ethem was indirectly an ally of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who appreciated him for his successful fight against invading armies and bandits in different regions of Turkey.[5] Atatürk awarded Ethem the Circassian with the title of Millî Kahraman (Turkish: National Hero).[6]

In her 1928 work The Turkish Ordeal, the leading Ottoman female novelist and nationalist Halide Edip Adıvar mentions the first time she saw Ethem the Circassian and how well he was treated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in addition to describing Ethem Bey's physical appearance as the following:

When he [Ethem the Circassian] came the streets were thronged with his men, all of them beautifully equipped in a wild irregular fashion. The sight was rather imposing. There were even women fighters. Edhem himself was the picturesque of all. He was received with great honors. Mustafa Kemal Pasha lent him his car, the only car we had in Angora then; and the National Assembly stood up and greeted him with loud cheers. It was at headquarters that I saw him first. One morning on the way to my office I found myself among a crowd of armed men who stood staring at the central hall with their hands on their hips. I knew them at once to be Nationalist fighters and guessed they were Edhem's body-guard. Later I went into the central hall to show some reports to Mustafa Kemal Pasha and found there a tall gaunt figure sitting in an arm-chair opposite Mustafa Kemal Pasha. As he rose to kiss my hand I saw how tall and unusually striking he was. He had to stoop to speak to us and his figure was more like that of a power skeleton than like that of a body of flesh and blood. It was built on the best Circassian model – very high shoulders, a slim waist, long arms and legs, and a large fair head with a short nose and eyes whose gaze was even paler and colder than that of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. The whole face was very pale, the sort of pallor that is unaffected by the sun, wind or frost. And sometimes the eyes paled to a degree of colorlessness that was uncanny. The short nose gave the cadaverous features pugnacity, and the cheek-bones, chin, and well-shaped head an air of pride. I could not help thinking that it was not the famous soldiers or the intelligentsia in Angora who put Mustafa Kemal Pasha in the shade, but this fantastic-looking simple Circassian.[7]

Death and burial

Ethem Bey died on 21 September 1948 near River Jordan in Amman, Jordan.[8] He was buried in the Circassian Cemetery.[9]

Exhumation and reburial plans

In 2015, the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey announced they are planning the exhumation and reburial of Ethem Bey in Turkey where he was born.[9] This was never carreid out.

References
  1. Çerkes Ethem [attributed] (2014). Hatıralarım (Çerkes trajedisinin 150. yılında) [My Memoirs] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Bizim Kitaplar. ISBN 9786055476465.
  2. "Çerkes Ethem Kendini Savunuyor: Vatan İçin İlk Ben Yola Çıktım" [Ethem the Circassian defends himself: I Took the Initiative for the Homeland]. Radikal (in Turkish). Istanbul. 9 November 2014.
  3. Salihoğlu, M. Latif (21 September 2015). "Çerkes Ethem'e Resmen İade-i İtibar" [Official Restoration of Honour for Ethem the Circassian]. Yeni Asya (in Turkish). Istanbul.
  4. Bozkurt, Mehmet (25 September 2011). "21 Eylül 1948: Ölümünün 63. Yılında Çerkes Ethem Bey" [21 September 1948: Çerkes Ethem Bey on the 63rd Anniversary of his Death]. SoL (in Turkish). Istanbul.
  5. Türksoy, Turgut (2014). Çerkes Ethem: Apoletsiz General [Ethem the Circassian: General without Epaulette] (in Turkish). Istanbul: Büyülüdağ. ISBN 9786056217135.
  6. Özgürel, Avni. "Milli Mücadele Yıllarının Öteki Yüzü" [Other Face of National Struggle Years]. Radikal (in Turkish). Istanbul.
  7. Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). "Chapter V: Important Phases of the Civil War". The Turkish Ordeal: Being the further memoirs of Halide Edib: With a frontispiece in color by Alexandre Pankoff and many illustrations from photographs (PDF). New York City, NY: The Century Co.
  8. Akbıyık, Sami (6 May 2016). "Çerkes Ethem'in Yakınları Devletten 'Özür' Bekliyor" [Relatives of Çerkes Ethem Expects Apology from Government]. HaberTürk (in Turkish). Istanbul.
  9. "Çerkes Ethem'in Naaşı Türkiye'ye Getiriliyor" [The Corpse of Ethem the Circassian is Being Taken to Turkey]. Güneş (in Turkish). Istanbul. 20 July 2015.
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