1450s in England
Incumbents
- Monarch – Henry VI
- Parliament – 17th of King Henry VI (until c. 8 June 1450), 18th of King Henry VI (starting 6 November 1450, until c. 31 May 1451), 19th of King Henry VI (starting 6 March 1453, until c. 21 April 1454), 20th of King Henry VI (starting 9 July 1455, until 12 March 1456), Devils (starting 20 November, until 20 December 1459)
Events
- 1450
- 9 January – Adam Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester and Lord Privy Seal is murdered in Portsmouth by discontented unpaid soldiers.
- 7 February – John de la Pole marries Lady Margaret Beaufort.
- 15 April – Hundred Years' War: French defeat the English at the Battle of Formigny.[1]
- 2 May – execution of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, while he is being sent into exile, being blamed for English losses in the Hundred Years' War.[1]
- 6 June–12 July – Jack Cade's Rebellion: Jack Cade leads a rebellion in Kent and Sussex against war taxes.[1] On 29 June, William Ayscough, Bishop of Salisbury and confessor to the King, is dragged from mass at Edington Priory in Wiltshire and murdered by rebels.
- 12 August – Hundred Years' War: Cherbourg surrenders to the French, allowing France to take control of all of Normandy.[2]
- September – Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York marches an army to London and attacks alleged traitors in the royal government.[2]
- Extension of Great Malvern Priory begins, with exceptional stained glass windows.[2]
- 1451
- June – at the insistence of Parliament, Henry cancels all land grants made during his reign.[2]
- 30 June – Hundred Years' War: Bordeaux surrenders to the French.[2]
- 21 August – Hundred Years' War: Bayonne surrenders to the French, ending English rule in Gascony.[2]
- September – the Duke of York refuses a royal summons to answer for breaking the peace.[2]
- 1452
- February – the Duke of York calls for armed resistance to King Henry VI.[2]
- 1–3 March – supporters of the Duke of York confront the royal army at Dartford. The Duke yields and is pardoned.[2]
- 21 July – John Kemp enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.
- 22 October – Hundred Years' War: John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury re-captures Bordeaux; England regains control of much of Gascony.[2]
- 1453
- March – Parliament grants Henry generous taxes and condemns past rebels.[2]
- 17 July – Hundred Years' War: at the Battle of Castillon, the French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed.[1]
- 10 August – The King becomes mentally unstable; his cousin Richard, Duke of York acts as regent.[1] The king will be unaware of the birth of his only son, Edward, on 13 October.
- 24 August – fighting in the north between the families of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury and Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland.[2]
- 19 October – The Hundred Years' War comes to a close, with the French recapture of Bordeaux leaving the English retaining only Calais on French soil.[1]
- 1454
- 15 March – Edward of Westminster invested as Prince of Wales.[2]
- 23 April – Thomas Bourchier enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, an office he will hold for almost 32 years.
- June – the Duke of York suppresses a rebellion led by Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter in the north of England.[2]
- December – Henry VI recovers from his mental instability; the Duke of York is dismissed as regent.[1]
- 1455
- May – garrison at Calais mutinies over pay arrears.[2]
- 22 May – Wars of the Roses: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York defeats the army of Henry VI at the First Battle of St Albans; Henry is captured.[1]
- 23 October – Bonville–Courtenay feud in Devon: Thomas Courtenay, heir to the Earl of Devon, arranges the murder of lawyer Nicholas Radford.[3]
- 19 November – the Duke of York is reinstated as regent.[2]
- November–December – Bonville–Courtenay feud leads to continued rioting and rebellion in Devon[2] including sacking of Exeter and the first battle of Clyst Heath (15 December).
- Earliest known reference to knitting in England.[2]
- 1456
- 25 February – Richard of York dismissed as regent for the second time.[2]
- April – Calais mutiny ends when wool merchants agree to back the garrison's pay.[2]
- 17 August – Court moves to Coventry; Kenilworth Castle strengthened as the King's principal residence.[2]
- 1457
- 1 January – Osmund of Salisbury (died 1099) is canonised, the last English saint created until the 20th century. His remains are translated from Old Sarum to Salisbury Cathedral on 23 July.[4][5]
- 28 August – French raiders sack Sandwich, Kent.[2]
- 1458
- 25 March – The Love Day is staged. Formal reconciliation between Yorkists and Lancastrians takes place at St Paul's Cathedral, London.[2]
- 15 July – foundation of Magdalen College, Oxford.
- May – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick defeats a Spanish fleet in the English Channel.[2]
- 1459
- 23 September – Wars of the Roses: at the Battle of Blore Heath in Staffordshire, Yorkists under Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury defeat a Lancastrian force.[2]
- 12 October – Wars of the Roses: Lancastrian victory at the Battle of Ludford Bridge. Following the battle, the Duke of York flees to Ireland.[2]
- 10 November – Parliament of Devils, held at Coventry, condemns Yorkists as traitors.[2]
Births
- 1450
- William Catesby, politician (died 1485)
- 1451
- 5 March – William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (died 1491)
- 5 September – Isabella Neville, Duchess of Clarence (died 1476)
- 1452
- 2 October – Richard III, king of England (killed 1485)
- Approximate date – Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter and patron of education (died 1519)
- 1453
- 13 October – Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne (killed 1471)
- Approximate date – Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset (died 1501)
- 1454
- 4 September – Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, politician (executed 1483)
- 1456
- 11 June – Anne Neville, queen of Richard III (died 1485)
- 1457
- 28 January – King Henry VII of England (died 1509)
- George Nevill, Duke of Bedford (died 1483)
- Approximate date – Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr (died 1525)
- 1458
- Richard Grey, half brother of Edward V of England (died 1483)
- Approximate date – Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the English Knights Hospitaller (died 1527)
- 1459
- Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy of Ireland to Henry VII (died 1521)
Deaths
- 1450
- 9 January – Adam Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester (murdered)
- 2 May – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, military leader (born 1396)
- 10 June – William Tresham, lawyer, Speaker of the House of Commons (born 1404; murdered)
- 4 July – James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, soldier and politician (born c. 1395; murdered)
- 28 July – Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick (born c. 1424)
- 27 August – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, politician (born 1395)
- 1451
- John Lydgate, monk and poet (born 1370)
- 1452
- 26 May – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury (year of birth unknown)
- Nicholas Close, bishop (year of birth unknown)
- 1453
- 17 July – John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, military leader (year of birth unknown)
- 24 December – John Dunstaple, composer (born 1390)
- 1454
- 22 March – John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c. 1380)
- Robert Wingfield, politician (born 1403)
- 1455
- 22 May (at the First Battle of St Albans)
- Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, politician (born 1393)
- Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, commander (born 1406)
- Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford (born 1425)
- 18 September – Edmund Lacey, Bishop of Exeter (year of birth unknown)
- 22 May (at the First Battle of St Albans)
- 1456
- 1 November – Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, father of King Henry VII of England (born c. 1430)
- 1459
- 23 September – James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (born c. 1398) (killed in battle)
- 5 November – John Fastolf, soldier (year of birth unknown)
References
- Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 182–183. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 125–128. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- Storey, R. L. (1966). The End of the House of Lancaster. London: Barrie & Rockliffe. p. 167. ISBN 0214666395.
the most notorious private crime of the century.
- "Bishops of Salisbury". British History Online. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
- Swanson, R. N. (1995). Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215-c. 1515. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37950-4.
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