Prince of Wales

For most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller royal kingdoms. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any given time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 12th and 13th centuries, this title evolved into Prince of Wales (see Brut y Tywysogion). In Latin, the new title was Princeps Walliae, and in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru. The literal translation of Tywysog is "leader" (compare the cognate Irish word taoiseach; the verb tywys means "to lead").

Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown; however Wales had many Princes during self rule. The first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using rex Waliae ("King of Wales").

Rhys ap Gruffydd held the kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197. He usually used the title Proprietary Prince of Deheubarth or Prince of South Wales, but two documents have been discovered in which he uses the title Prince of Wales or Prince of the Welsh. Rhys was one of the most successful and powerful Welsh princes and, after the death of Owain Gwynedd of Gwynedd in 1170, he became the dominant power in Wales. He is commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in Welsh Yr Arglwydd Rhys.

Llywelyn the Great, grandson of Owain Gwynedd, is not known to have used the title Prince of Wales as such, although his use, from around 1230, of the style Prince of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon was tantamount to a proclamation of authority over most of Wales, and he did use the title Prince of North Wales, as did his predecessor Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd.

In 1240, the title was theoretically inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn, though he is not known to have used it. Instead he styled himself as Prince of Wales around 1244, the first Welsh prince to do so. In 1246, his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd, and used the style as early as 1258. In 1267, with the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery, he was recognised by both King Henry III of England and the representative of the Papacy as Prince of Wales. In 1282, Llywelyn was killed during Edward I of England's conquest of Wales and although his brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd succeeded to the Welsh princeship, issuing documents as prince, his principality was not recognised by the English Crown.

Three Welshmen, however, claimed the title of Prince of Wales after 1283.

The first was Madog ap Llywelyn, a member of the House of Gwynedd, who led a nationwide revolt in 1294–5, defeating English forces in battle near Denbigh and seizing Caernarfon Castle. His revolt was suppressed, however, after the Battle of Maes Moydog in March 1295, and the prince was imprisoned in London.

In the 1370s, Owain Lawgoch ('Red Hand'), an English-born descendant of one of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's brothers, claimed the title of Prince of Wales, but was assassinated in France in 1378 before he could return to Wales to claim his inheritance.

Owain Glyndŵr was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters on 16 September 1400, and held parliaments at Harlech Castle and elsewhere during his revolt, which encompassed all of Wales. It was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV.

The tradition of conferring the title "Prince of Wales" on the heir apparent of the monarch is usually considered to have begun in 1301, when King Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon with the title at a Parliament held in Lincoln. According to legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of English" and then produced his infant son, who had been born at Caernarfon, to their surprise. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English (some versions of the legend include lack of knowledge in both languages as a requirement, and one reported version has the very specific phrase "born on Welsh soil and speaking no other language").

William Camden wrote in his 1607 work Britannia that originally the title "Prince of Wales" was not conferred automatically upon the eldest living son of the King of England because Edward II (who had been the first English Prince of Wales) neglected to invest his eldest son, the future Edward III, with that title. It was Edward III who revived the practice of naming the eldest son Prince of Wales, which was then maintained by his successors:

But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.[4]

Nevertheless, according to conventional wisdom, since 1301 the Prince of Wales has usually been the eldest living son (if and only if he is also the heir apparent) of the King or Queen Regnant of England (subsequently of Great Britain, 1707, and of the United Kingdom, 1801). That he is also the heir apparent is important. Following the death of Prince Arthur, the Prince of Wales, Henry VII invested his second son, the future Henry VIII, with the title—although only after it was clear that Arthur's wife, Catherine of Aragon, was not pregnant; when Frederick, Prince of Wales died while his father reigned, George II created Frederick's son George (the king's grandson and new heir apparent) Prince of Wales. The title is not automatic and is not heritable; it merges into the Crown when a prince accedes to the throne, or lapses on his death leaving the sovereign free to re-grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother). Prince Charles was created Prince of Wales on 26 July 1958,[5] some six years after he became heir apparent, and had to wait another 11 years for his investiture, on 1 July 1969.[6]

The title Prince of Wales is nowadays always conferred along with the Earldom of Chester. The convention began in 1399; all previous English Princes of Wales also received the earldom, but separately from the title of Prince. Indeed, before 1272 a hereditary and not necessarily royal Earldom of Chester had already been created several times, eventually merging in the Crown each time. The earldom was recreated, merging in the Crown in 1307 and again in 1327. Its creations since have been associated with the creations of the Prince of Wales.

On 31 October 1460,[7] Richard of York was briefly created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall and Lord Protector of England by an Act of Parliament following the Act of Accord, as part of his arrangement to succeed Henry VI as king instead of Henry's own son.[8] However, Richard was killed on 30 December 1460 at the Battle of Wakefield.

The "Prince of Wales's Feathers". This heraldic badge of the heir apparent is derived from the ostrich feathers borne by Edward, the Black Prince. The German motto "Ich dien" means "I serve".

As heir apparent to the reigning sovereign, the Prince of Wales bears the Royal Arms differenced by a white label of three points. To represent Wales he bears the Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales, crowned with the heir apparent's crown, on an inescutcheon-en-surtout. This was first used by the future King Edward VIII in 1910, and followed by the current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles.[9]

He has a badge of three ostrich feathers (which can be seen on the reverse of the previous design for decimal British two pence coins dated up to 2008); it dates back to the Black Prince and is his as the English heir even before he is made Prince of Wales.

In addition to these symbols used most frequently, he has a special standard for use in Wales itself. Moreover, as Duke of Rothesay he has a special coat of arms for use in Scotland (and a corresponding standard); as Duke of Cornwall the like for use in the Duchy of Cornwall. Representations of all three may be found at List of British flags.

Many Welsh nationalists were opposed to the investiture of Prince Charles at Caernarfon Castle. A large protest was organised in the town in the months before the Investiture.

Princes of Wales may be invested, but investiture is not necessary to be created Prince of Wales. Peers were also invested, but investitures for peers ceased in 1621, during a time when peerages were being created so frequently that the investiture ceremony became cumbersome and was replaced with Introduction. Most investitures for Princes of Wales were held in front of Parliament.

After falling into abeyance, the 20th century saw the practice of investing the Prince of Wales reintroduced. In 1911, the future Edward VIII underwent an investiture ceremony in Caernarfon Castle in Wales at the instigation of the Welsh politician David Lloyd George. Queen Elizabeth II's heir, the present Prince of Wales, was also invested there and underwent a similar ceremony in 1969.

In the ceremony (in its most recent form), during the reading of the letters patent creating the dignity, the Honours of the Principality of Wales are delivered to the prince.

The coronet of the heir apparent bears four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by two half-arches (the Sovereign's crowns are of the same design, but use four half-arches). A gold rod is also used in the insignia; gold rods were formally used in the investitures of dukes, but survive now in the investitures of Princes of Wales only. Also part of the insignia are a ring, a sword and a robe.

Also, Prince of Gwynedd and of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon

Person	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death
	Dafydd ap Llywelyn	son of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth	c. April 1212	11 April 1240; first documented use in 1244	25 February 1246
	Llywelyn ap Gruffudd	N/A son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn	c. 1223	Succeeded Dafydd in 1246 as prince of Gwynedd; used title "prince of Wales" from 1258; recognised by Henry III 29 September 1267	11 December 1282 killed in battle
	Dafydd ap Gruffydd	brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd	c. 1238	11 December 1282	3 October 1283 executed at Shrewsbury

Person	Name	Heir of	Birth	Became heir-apparent	Created Prince of Wales	Ceased to be Prince of Wales	Death
	Edward of Carnarvon	Edward I	25 April 1284	19 August 1284	7 February 1301[1]	7 July 1307 acceded to throne as Edward II	21 September 1327
	Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince	Edward III	15 June 1330		12 May 1343[1]	8 June 1376 deceased
	Richard of Bordeaux		6 January 1367	8 June 1376	20 November 1376[1]	22 June 1377 acceded to throne as Richard II	14 February 1400
	Henry of Monmouth	Henry IV	16 September 1386	30 September 1399	15 October 1399[1]	21 March 1413 acceded to throne as Henry V	31 August 1422
	Edward of Westminster	Henry VI	13 October 1453		15 March 1454[1]	11 April 1471 father deposed	4 May 1471 deceased
	Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York		21 September 1411	25 October 1460	31 October 1460	30 December 1460 deceased
	Edward of York	Edward IV	4 November 1470	11 April 1471	26 June 1471[1]	9 April 1483 acceded to throne as Edward V	1483?
	Edward of Middleham	Richard III	1473	26 June 1483	24 August 1483[1]	31 March or 9 April 1484 deceased
	Arthur Tudor	Henry VII	20 September 1486		29 November 1489[1]	2 April 1502 deceased
	Henry Tudor		28 June 1491	2 April 1502	18 February 1504[1]	21 April 1509 acceded to throne as Henry VIII	28 January 1547
	Edward Tudor	Henry VIII	12 October 1537		–[1]	28 January 1547 acceded to throne as Edward VI	6 July 1553
	Henry Frederick Stuart	James I	19 February 1594	24 March 1603	4 June 1610[1]	6 November 1612 deceased
	Charles Stuart		19 November 1600	6 November 1612	4 November 1616[1]	27 March 1625 acceded to throne as Charles I	30 January 1649
	Charles Stuart	Charles I	29 May 1630		declared c. 1638–1641[1]	30 January 1649 title abolished; later (1660) acceded to throne as Charles II	6 February 1685
	James Francis Edward Stuart	James II	10 June 1688		c. 4 July 1688[1]	11 December 1688 father deposed	1 January 1766
	George Augustus	George I	10 November 1683	1 August 1714	27 September 1714[1]	11 June 1727 acceded to throne as George II	25 October 1760
	Frederick Louis	George II	1 February 1707	11 June 1727	8 January 1729[1]	31 March 1751 deceased
	George William Frederick		4 June 1738	31 March 1751	20 April 1751[1][14]	25 October 1760 acceded to throne as George III	29 January 1820
	George Augustus Frederick	George III	12 August 1762		19 August 1762[1]	29 January 1820 acceded to throne as George IV	26 June 1830
	Albert Edward	Victoria	9 November 1841		8 December 1841[1]	22 January 1901 acceded to throne as Edward VII	6 May 1910
	George Frederick Ernest Albert	Edward VII	3 June 1865	22 January 1901	9 November 1901[15]	6 May 1910 acceded to throne as George V	20 January 1936
	Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David	George V	23 June 1894	6 May 1910	23 June 1910[1]	20 January 1936 acceded to throne as Edward VIII; later (1937) Duke of Windsor	28 May 1972
	Charles Philip Arthur George	Elizabeth II	14 November 1948	6 February 1952	26 July 1958	Incumbent

The longest-serving Prince of Wales is the title's current holder, Queen Elizabeth II's son Charles. He is also the longest-serving heir apparent in British history.[16]