Prince of Wales

Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru, Welsh pronunciation: [təˈwəsog ˈkəmrɨ]) is a title traditionally and ceremonially granted to the heir apparent of the British throne as a personal honour or dignity, and is not heritable, with it being merged with the Crown on accession to the throne. Since 1301, the title Earl of Chester has been given in conjunction with that of Prince of Wales.[1] The Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours, if the eldest son of the monarch; typically this means being Duke of Cornwall, which, unlike being Prince of Wales, inherently includes lands and constitutional and operational responsibilities. Since the 14th century, the title has been a dynastic title granted by the king or queen to the heir apparent to the English or British monarch, but the failure to be granted the title does not affect the rights to royal succession.

Prince of Wales
Tywysog Cymru
Incumbent
Charles

since 26 July 1958
StyleHis Royal Highness
Sir
ResidenceClarence House
AppointerMonarch of the United Kingdom
Term lengthLife tenure or until accession as Sovereign
Inaugural holderDafydd ap Llywelyn
Websitewww.princeofwales.gov.uk

Historically, the title was held by native Welsh princes before the 12th century; the term replaced the use of the word king. One of the last Welsh princes, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, was killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge in 1282. Edward I, King of England, invested his son Edward (born in Caernarfon Castle in 1284) as the first English Prince of Wales in 1301.

The current and longest-serving Prince of Wales is Prince Charles, the eldest son of Elizabeth II, who is Queen of the United Kingdom and 15 other independent Commonwealth realms as well as Head of the 53-member Commonwealth of Nations. The wife of the Prince of Wales is entitled to the title Princess of Wales. Prince Charles's first wife, Diana, used that title, but his second wife, Camilla, uses only the title Duchess of Cornwall (or of Rothesay when in Scotland[2]) because the other title has become so popularly associated with Diana.

Roles and responsibilities

The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent of the monarch of the United Kingdom. No formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to him by law or custom, either as heir apparent or as Prince of Wales.

The current prince now often assists the queen in the performance of her duties, for example, representing the queen when welcoming dignitaries to London and attending state dinners during state visits. He has also represented the queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as state funerals.[3]

The queen also has given the Prince of Wales the authority to issue royal warrants.

History

The full armorial achievement of Charles, Prince of Wales (since 1958)

Native Welsh usage

For most of the post-Roman period, Wales was divided into several smaller royal kingdoms. Before the Norman conquest of England, the most powerful Welsh ruler at any given time was generally known as King of the Britons. In the 12th and 13th centuries, this title evolved into Prince of Wales (see Brut y Tywysogion). In Latin, the new title was Princeps Walliae, and in Welsh it was Tywysog Cymru. The literal translation of Tywysog is "leader" (compare the cognate Irish word taoiseach; the verb tywys means "to lead").

Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown; however Wales had many Princes during self rule. The first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using rex Waliae ("King of Wales").

Rhys ap Gruffydd held the kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197. He usually used the title Proprietary Prince of Deheubarth or Prince of South Wales, but two documents have been discovered in which he uses the title Prince of Wales or Prince of the Welsh. Rhys was one of the most successful and powerful Welsh princes and, after the death of Owain Gwynedd of Gwynedd in 1170, he became the dominant power in Wales. He is commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in Welsh Yr Arglwydd Rhys.

Llywelyn the Great, grandson of Owain Gwynedd, is not known to have used the title Prince of Wales as such, although his use, from around 1230, of the style Prince of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon was tantamount to a proclamation of authority over most of Wales, and he did use the title Prince of North Wales, as did his predecessor Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd.

In 1240, the title was theoretically inherited by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn, though he is not known to have used it. Instead he styled himself as Prince of Wales around 1244, the first Welsh prince to do so. In 1246, his nephew Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd, and used the style as early as 1258. In 1267, with the signing of the Treaty of Montgomery, he was recognised by both King Henry III of England and the representative of the Papacy as Prince of Wales. In 1282, Llywelyn was killed during Edward I of England's conquest of Wales and although his brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd succeeded to the Welsh princeship, issuing documents as prince, his principality was not recognised by the English Crown.

Three Welshmen, however, claimed the title of Prince of Wales after 1283.

The first was Madog ap Llywelyn, a member of the House of Gwynedd, who led a nationwide revolt in 1294–5, defeating English forces in battle near Denbigh and seizing Caernarfon Castle. His revolt was suppressed, however, after the Battle of Maes Moydog in March 1295, and the prince was imprisoned in London.

In the 1370s, Owain Lawgoch ('Red Hand'), an English-born descendant of one of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's brothers, claimed the title of Prince of Wales, but was assassinated in France in 1378 before he could return to Wales to claim his inheritance.

Owain Glyndŵr was proclaimed Prince of Wales by his supporters on 16 September 1400, and held parliaments at Harlech Castle and elsewhere during his revolt, which encompassed all of Wales. It was not until 1409 that his revolt in quest of Welsh independence was suppressed by Henry IV.

As title of heir apparent

The tradition of conferring the title "Prince of Wales" on the heir apparent of the monarch is usually considered to have begun in 1301, when King Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon with the title at a Parliament held in Lincoln. According to legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of English" and then produced his infant son, who had been born at Caernarfon, to their surprise. However, the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century, and, in the time of Edward I, the English aristocracy spoke Norman French, not English (some versions of the legend include lack of knowledge in both languages as a requirement, and one reported version has the very specific phrase "born on Welsh soil and speaking no other language").

William Camden wrote in his 1607 work Britannia that originally the title "Prince of Wales" was not conferred automatically upon the eldest living son of the King of England because Edward II (who had been the first English Prince of Wales) neglected to invest his eldest son, the future Edward III, with that title. It was Edward III who revived the practice of naming the eldest son Prince of Wales, which was then maintained by his successors:

But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.[4]

Nevertheless, according to conventional wisdom, since 1301 the Prince of Wales has usually been the eldest living son (if and only if he is also the heir apparent) of the King or Queen Regnant of England (subsequently of Great Britain, 1707, and of the United Kingdom, 1801). That he is also the heir apparent is important. Following the death of Prince Arthur, the Prince of Wales, Henry VII invested his second son, the future Henry VIII, with the title—although only after it was clear that Arthur's wife, Catherine of Aragon, was not pregnant; when Frederick, Prince of Wales died while his father reigned, George II created Frederick's son George (the king's grandson and new heir apparent) Prince of Wales. The title is not automatic and is not heritable; it merges into the Crown when a prince accedes to the throne, or lapses on his death leaving the sovereign free to re-grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother). Prince Charles was created Prince of Wales on 26 July 1958,[5] some six years after he became heir apparent, and had to wait another 11 years for his investiture, on 1 July 1969.[6]

The title Prince of Wales is nowadays always conferred along with the Earldom of Chester. The convention began in 1399; all previous English Princes of Wales also received the earldom, but separately from the title of Prince. Indeed, before 1272 a hereditary and not necessarily royal Earldom of Chester had already been created several times, eventually merging in the Crown each time. The earldom was recreated, merging in the Crown in 1307 and again in 1327. Its creations since have been associated with the creations of the Prince of Wales.

On 31 October 1460,[7] Richard of York was briefly created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall and Lord Protector of England by an Act of Parliament following the Act of Accord, as part of his arrangement to succeed Henry VI as king instead of Henry's own son.[8] However, Richard was killed on 30 December 1460 at the Battle of Wakefield.

Heraldic insignia and investiture

Insignia

The "Prince of Wales's Feathers". This heraldic badge of the heir apparent is derived from the ostrich feathers borne by Edward, the Black Prince. The German motto "Ich dien" means "I serve".

As heir apparent to the reigning sovereign, the Prince of Wales bears the Royal Arms differenced by a white label of three points. To represent Wales he bears the Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales, crowned with the heir apparent's crown, on an inescutcheon-en-surtout. This was first used by the future King Edward VIII in 1910, and followed by the current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles.[9]

He has a badge of three ostrich feathers (which can be seen on the reverse of the previous design for decimal British two pence coins dated up to 2008); it dates back to the Black Prince and is his as the English heir even before he is made Prince of Wales.

In addition to these symbols used most frequently, he has a special standard for use in Wales itself. Moreover, as Duke of Rothesay he has a special coat of arms for use in Scotland (and a corresponding standard); as Duke of Cornwall the like for use in the Duchy of Cornwall. Representations of all three may be found at List of British flags.

Investiture

Many Welsh nationalists were opposed to the investiture of Prince Charles at Caernarfon Castle. A large protest was organised in the town in the months before the Investiture.

Princes of Wales may be invested, but investiture is not necessary to be created Prince of Wales. Peers were also invested, but investitures for peers ceased in 1621, during a time when peerages were being created so frequently that the investiture ceremony became cumbersome and was replaced with Introduction. Most investitures for Princes of Wales were held in front of Parliament.

After falling into abeyance, the 20th century saw the practice of investing the Prince of Wales reintroduced. In 1911, the future Edward VIII underwent an investiture ceremony in Caernarfon Castle in Wales at the instigation of the Welsh politician David Lloyd George. Queen Elizabeth II's heir, the present Prince of Wales, was also invested there and underwent a similar ceremony in 1969.

In the ceremony (in its most recent form), during the reading of the letters patent creating the dignity, the Honours of the Principality of Wales are delivered to the prince.

The coronet of the heir apparent bears four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, surmounted by two half-arches (the Sovereign's crowns are of the same design, but use four half-arches). A gold rod is also used in the insignia; gold rods were formally used in the investitures of dukes, but survive now in the investitures of Princes of Wales only. Also part of the insignia are a ring, a sword and a robe.

Other titles

Since 1301 the title Earl of Chester has been granted to each heir apparent to the English throne who was also Prince of Wales. Both titles are given to each individual holder by the Sovereign and are not automatically acquired.[1] The Earldom of Chester was one of the most powerful earldoms in medieval England extending principally over the counties of Cheshire and Flintshire.

A Prince of Wales also holds a number of additional titles. As heir apparent to the English/British throne he isif the eldest living son of the monarchDuke of Cornwall, which includes lands and constitutional and operational responsibilities. As heir apparent to the Scottish throne he is Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.

Individual princes have also held additional titles, which were theirs prior to becoming Prince of Wales. Before ascending the throne Henry VIII, Charles I and George V were each Duke of York. Prior to his father inheriting the English throne in 1603, the future Charles I was created Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross in Scotland. Both Prince Frederick (eldest son of George II) and his son Prince George (later George III) were Duke of Edinburgh.

Heir apparent versus heir presumptive

The title Prince of Wales is given only to the heir apparent—somebody who cannot be displaced in the succession to the throne by any future birth. The succession had followed male-preference primogeniture, which meant that the heir apparent was the eldest son of the reigning monarch or, if he was deceased, his eldest son and so on, or if the monarch's eldest son had died without issue, the monarch's second eldest son, etc. As such, a daughter of the sovereign who was next in line to the throne was never the heir apparent because she would be displaced in the succession by any future legitimate son of the sovereign.

Along with the other Commonwealth realms, the United Kingdom in 2011 committed to the Perth Agreement, which proposed changes to the laws governing succession, including altering the primogeniture to absolute cognatic.[10] The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 was introduced to the British parliament on 12 December 2012, published the next day, and received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013.[11] It was brought into force on 26 March 2015,[12] at the same time as the other realms implemented the Perth Agreement in their own laws.[13] No woman has yet held the title Princess of Wales in her own right.

Since the title of Prince of Wales is not automatic, there have been times when it was held by no one. There was no heir apparent during the reign of King George VI, who had no sons. Princess Elizabeth was heiress presumptive and was hence not titled Princess of Wales. There was also no Prince of Wales for the first several years of the reign of Elizabeth II. Prince Charles was not named Prince of Wales until 1958, when he was nine years old.

The title of Princess of Wales has always been held by the Prince's wife in her capacity as spouse of the heir apparent and therefore future queen consort. The current Princess of Wales is Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, who automatically assumed the title upon her legal marriage to Prince Charles. Camilla however has chosen not to be publicly known by the title due to its association with her predecessor, Diana.

List of Princes of Wales

Prince of Wales as Welsh title

Also, Prince of Gwynedd and of Aberffraw, Lord of Snowdon
Person Name Heir of Birth Became Prince of Wales Ceased to be Prince of Wales Death
Dafydd ap Llywelynson of Llywelyn ab Iorwerthc. April 121211 April 1240; first documented use in 124425 February 1246
Llywelyn ap GruffuddN/A
son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
c. 1223Succeeded Dafydd in 1246 as prince of Gwynedd;
used title "prince of Wales" from 1258;
recognised by Henry III 29 September 1267
11 December 1282
killed in battle
Dafydd ap Gruffyddbrother of Llywelyn ap Gruffuddc. 123811 December 12823 October 1283
executed at Shrewsbury

Prince of Wales as title of English or British heir apparent

Person Name Heir of Birth Became heir-apparent Created Prince of Wales Ceased to be Prince of Wales Death
Edward of CarnarvonEdward I25 April 128419 August 12847 February 1301[1]7 July 1307
acceded to throne as Edward II
21 September 1327
Edward of Woodstock, the Black PrinceEdward III15 June 133012 May 1343[1]8 June 1376
deceased
Richard of Bordeaux6 January 13678 June 137620 November 1376[1]22 June 1377
acceded to throne as Richard II
14 February 1400
Henry of MonmouthHenry IV16 September 138630 September 139915 October 1399[1]21 March 1413
acceded to throne as Henry V
31 August 1422
Edward of WestminsterHenry VI13 October 145315 March 1454[1]11 April 1471
father deposed
4 May 1471
deceased
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York21 September 141125 October 146031 October 146030 December 1460
deceased
Edward of YorkEdward IV4 November 147011 April 147126 June 1471[1]9 April 1483
acceded to throne as Edward V
1483?
Edward of MiddlehamRichard III147326 June 148324 August 1483[1]31 March or
9 April 1484
deceased
Arthur TudorHenry VII20 September 148629 November 1489[1]2 April 1502
deceased
Henry Tudor28 June 14912 April 150218 February 1504[1]21 April 1509
acceded to throne as Henry VIII
28 January 1547
Edward TudorHenry VIII12 October 1537[1]28 January 1547
acceded to throne as Edward VI
6 July 1553
Henry Frederick StuartJames I19 February 159424 March 16034 June 1610[1]6 November 1612
deceased
Charles Stuart19 November 16006 November 16124 November 1616[1]27 March 1625
acceded to throne as Charles I
30 January 1649
Charles StuartCharles I29 May 1630declared c. 1638–1641[1]30 January 1649
title abolished;
later (1660) acceded to throne as Charles II
6 February 1685
James Francis Edward StuartJames II10 June 1688c. 4 July 1688[1]11 December 1688
father deposed
1 January 1766
George AugustusGeorge I10 November 16831 August 171427 September 1714[1]11 June 1727
acceded to throne as George II
25 October 1760
Frederick LouisGeorge II1 February 170711 June 17278 January 1729[1]31 March 1751
deceased
George William Frederick4 June 173831 March 175120 April 1751[1][14]25 October 1760
acceded to throne as George III
29 January 1820
George Augustus FrederickGeorge III12 August 176219 August 1762[1]29 January 1820
acceded to throne as George IV
26 June 1830
Albert EdwardVictoria9 November 18418 December 1841[1]22 January 1901
acceded to throne as Edward VII
6 May 1910
George Frederick Ernest AlbertEdward VII3 June 186522 January 19019 November 1901[15]6 May 1910
acceded to throne as George V
20 January 1936
Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick DavidGeorge V23 June 18946 May 191023 June 1910[1]20 January 1936
acceded to throne as Edward VIII;
later (1937) Duke of Windsor
28 May 1972
Charles Philip Arthur GeorgeElizabeth II14 November 19486 February 195226 July 1958Incumbent

The longest-serving Prince of Wales is the title's current holder, Queen Elizabeth II's son Charles. He is also the longest-serving heir apparent in British history.[16]

See also

References

  1. l Previous Princes. Prince of Wales official website. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  2. Macdonald, Ken (18 January 2017). "Duchess of Rothesay opens Rowett research building in Aberdeen". BBC News.
  3. "The Prince of Wales - Royal Duties". Clarence House. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  4. Glamorganshire. Philological.bham.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-07-15.
  5. "No. 41460". The London Gazette. 29 July 1958. p. 4733.
  6. "The Prince of Wales — Investiture". Princeofwales.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  7. Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume XII/2, page 908.
  8. John Silvester Davies (1856). An English chronicle of the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI written before the year 1471: with an appendix, containing the 18th and 19th years of Richard II and the Parliament at Bury St. Edmund's, 25th Henry VI and supplementary a. Printed for the Camden Society. p. 109. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  9. Prince of Wales Archived 11 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. britishflags.net. Retrieved on 15 July 2012.
  10. Laura Smith-Spark (28 October 2011). "Girls given equal rights to British throne under law changes". CNN. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  11. Succession to the Crown Act. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  12. Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (Commencement) Order 2015 at legislation.org.uk (retrieved 30 March 2015)
  13. Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website, 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
  14. "The London Gazette - From Tuesday April 16, to Saturday April 26, 1751" (PDF). The London Gazette (9050). 16 April 1751. p. 1. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  15. "No. 27375". The London Gazette. 9 November 1901. p. 7289.
  16. Bryan, Nicola (9 September 2017). "Prince Charles is longest-serving Prince of Wales". BBC.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.

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