2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion

The sugar refinery was a four-story structure on the bank of the Savannah River. Imperial Sugar, based in Sugar Land, Texas, had bought the refinery and its brand name in 1997 from a previous local owner. Known since construction as the Dixie Crystal refinery, it was the main employer in the town of 3,500 prior to the disaster.[7]

The refinery was constructed in 1916 by 400 people who were moved from Louisiana specifically for the purpose, and opened the following year. Imperial bought the refinery together with Savannah Foods to form part of a national supply and distribution network to meet demand from businesses such as Piggly Wiggly, General Mills and Wal-Mart.[8] The refinery sat on a 160 acres (0.65 km²; 0.25 sq mi) site and was spread across 872,000 square feet (81,000 m²) of it.[9][10] This network was the second largest in the US.[11] Workers described the factory as antiquated, with much of the machinery dating back more than 28 years. They said the site had continued operating because it had good access to rail and shipping links for transport.[9]

In the last full fiscal year before the disaster, which ended on September 30, 2007, the facility refined 14.51 million hundredweight of sugar, 9% of the nation's requirements, compared to Imperial's Gramercy, Louisiana, refinery, which refined 11.08 million hundredweight of sugar in the same time period. 90% of the raw sugar supplied to the facility came from overseas in that year, and the company expected the "vast majority" to come in from abroad in the year of the explosion as well.[8][12]

In the time leading up to the explosion, Imperial Sugar had run into financial difficulties. In the fiscal year ending September 30, 2007, sales fell 8%, while profits were down 50% from that year's fourth quarter, and stock also down by half since April 2007. The last two annual reports by Imperial before the explosion said that any damage to the facility at Port Wentworth would "have a material effect on the company's business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows".[8]

Meanwhile, in 2004 the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board conducted a study into the risks presented by dust explosions after three fatal accidents in the year before. The West Pharmaceutical Services explosion killed six persons, the CTA Acoustics fiberglass insulation manufacturing plant explosion killed seven,[13] and the Hayes Lemmerz automotive parts plant explosion killed one,[14] prompting the report. Their report showed that between 1980 and 2005, there had been 281 explosions involving combustible dust, resulting in 119 deaths and 718 injuries.[15] The Board found that dust explosions posed a severe risk and made a number of recommendations to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. These had been partly implemented by 2008. The Board continued to be concerned about the potential for further fatal accidents up until Imperial's refinery was the scene of an explosion.[16]

The explosion occurred at 7:00 p.m. local time in what was initially believed to be a room where sugar was bagged by workers. Witnesses from across the Savannah River in South Carolina reported seeing flames shoot up several stories high.[17] There were 112 employees on-site at the time.[18] The explosion occurred in the center of the refinery, where bagging and storage facilities were fed completed product by a network of elevators and conveyor belts. Many of the buildings there were six to eight stories high with narrow gaps in between.[9]

Ambulances responded to the scene from across twelve counties, and firefighters from three.[9] The United States Coast Guard closed off the river in the area, and a firefighting tug boat was used to douse the resulting fire from the river. A helicopter was used to search the river for anyone who may have been thrown into it by the blast.[19] Refinery workers were brought in to assist with search and rescue operations, as emergency services personnel were unfamiliar with the plant's layout.[9] Red Cross worker Joyce Baker was among the first to arrive at the scene. She reported that it was like "walking into hell", with some of the men she treated having "no skin at all", while others had skin "just dripping off them".[20]

The Georgia Emergency Management Agency alerted local hospitals to prepare for up to 100 casualties. A doctor at nearby Memorial Health hospital described patients arriving at an emergency triage as varying in condition from suffering minor burns to their hands to having received 80-90% burns, with many in critical condition, and one with 95% burns. The victims' ages ranged from 18 to 50. Many victims were placed in artificial comas because they were on life support systems.[7] Eight were transported by helicopter to the specialized Joseph M. Still Burn Center in Augusta, Georgia, about an hour away.[7][12] Five of those injured later died there while receiving treatment.

A church close to the refinery was used as a point for families seeking information on relatives employed at the facility.[21] So many people turned up that police requested that each family send only one representative. At the close of the day of the explosion, six people were missing, with no confirmed deaths.[17] Overnight, several deep-seated fires were uncovered and firefighting continued the next day.

Most of the three-mile (5 km) stretch of river that had previously been closed was reopened without restriction, although a patrol remained in place to enforce a safety zone. The river restrictions delayed one outgoing vessel and two incoming ones. There was also a minor oil spill originating from equipment at the refinery's unoccupied and rarely used dock.[12]

The explosion seriously weakened the structure of the facility, leaving it highly unstable, and there was extensive smoke damage.[12] The packaging area was totally destroyed and in all, 12% of the refinery was demolished by the explosion.[8] Removal of debris began the day after the accident, with assistance from structural engineers. The six missing persons were all found dead that day,[12] three of them in tunnels running beneath the factory.[22] The final death toll was thirteen.[8] It was the first major shutdown of a US sugar refinery since American Sugar Refining Inc.'s Domino Sugar shut down its plant in Chalmette, Louisiana in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.[12]

By February 14, 2008, the worst of the fire had been extinguished. The 100 foot (30 m) sugar storage silos remained alight despite attempts to put the fire out by dousing them with thousands of gallons of water from a helicopter. Specialist crews and equipment were called in to complete work tackling the smoldering, molten sugar in the silos. At this time, seven bodies had been recovered, and an eighth person had died in the hospital.[23]

The explosion was determined to have occurred in this building and two of the three silos visible behind it.

The location of the explosion was quickly established as a building used to store refined sugar prior to packaging it and two of three 100 foot (30 m) tall, 18 inches (46 cm) thick reinforced concrete storage silos adjacent to it, as pictured.[11][16] According to Imperial Sugar CEO John Sheptor, the accumulated sugar dust likely acted like gunpowder.[21] Sheptor, who was in the plant at the time of the explosion, survived only because he was protected by a firewall.[24] Heavy equipment had to be used to shore up the partially collapsed structure before firefighters could enter it to search for victims.[7] Within 24 hours, the explosive substance was identified as sugar dust.[12]

Federal investigations by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) were launched, and they interviewed witnesses, checked documentation, and conducted on-scene examination of the plant.[8] OSHA arrived within two hours and the CSB within 48 hours.[18] Other brief investigations were conducted by state firefighters and police and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, but these were ended quickly after confirming there was no evidence of the explosion and fire having been deliberately started.[16] In a press conference held on February 17, 2008, one of the six members of the CSB team said that the explosion showed the ongoing risk from dust explosions despite their report highlighting the matter in 2004.[16]

Investigators were unable to enter the silos as OSHA ruled them to be too hazardous after the explosion. They were only able to access the area after the silos were demolished. By the time this took place, four months after the disaster, investigators believed that the explosion started in a basement area beneath the silos, from which sugar was fed up to the packaging building on conveyor belts.[11] The factory's outdated construction materials and methods are believed to have contributed to the severity of the blaze. The ceiling was of wooden tongue and groove design. The creosote used throughout was known as “fat lighter,” because of the fire risk it posed.[9] Interviews of Imperial Sugar employees conducted by OSHA uncovered a lack of training, as 40 of the workers reported never receiving training on how to exit the building in an emergency. Only five employees recalled having a fire drill.[25]

On February 7, 2009, a monument honoring the people lost in the explosion was dedicated at Legacy Park, on the grounds of the Port Wentworth plant.[37] OSHA fined Imperial $8.8 million in May 2010 after citing the company for 211 violations at the Port Wentworth plant and a plant in Gramercy, Louisiana. After settlement negotiations the company agreed to pay $6 million, while admitting no fault.[37][38]

• U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• Occupational safety and health

• "TIMELINE: Imperial Sugar explosion from 2008 until today." Contains list of fatalities.
• Worker Protection Against Combustible Dust Explosions and Fires Act of 2008. (110th Congress)
• "Inferno: Dust Explosion at Imperial Sugar", CSB safety video.
• "How can sugar explode?" Refers to Imperial Sugar explosion.
• Port Wentworth, Georgia: Sugar Explosion Memorial.
• Sugar Refinery tribute ceremony. Savannah Morning News video archives.