2020 Algerian constitutional referendum

On 16 February 2019, after four-term former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth term as the President of Algeria, protests erupted across the country, and while they remained largely peaceful, they led the Algerian military to strongly encourage Bouteflika to resign immediately.[3] Bouteflika named a caretaker government on 31 March, and shortly after Algerian Army Chief of Staff Lieutenant General Ahmed Gaed Salah called on him to leave office two days later, he formally relinquished power.[2][3]

Tensions towards Bouteflika arose in part out of public discontent with his 20-year record as president, which was often characterized by corruption and allegations of using state monopolies to finance systems of clientelism,[4] and can also be traced back to a broader pattern of frustration with the powers of the Algerian government.[3] Additionally, Bouteflika's health in regards to his ability to govern was consistently called into question after his stroke in 2013, where his frequent hospitalization and few public appearances led to the proliferation of rumors about his death.[5]

The presidential election was held on 12 December 2019 despite widespread public opposition,[6] and with 58.13% of valid votes in the first round, Abdelmadjid Tebboune was declared its winner.[7] Unrest surrounded the election, however, and various protests across the country directly before 12 December called for a boycott of the election. The Rally for Culture and Democracy estimated an 8% turnout,[8] but reports by the Algerian government placed the national turnout rate at 39.88%.[7] Additionally, 1,200 protestors were detained by Algerian authorities in connection to protests of the election, and by later that December, the National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees (CNLD) estimated that 180 prisoners of conscience still remained in government custody.[9]

On the eve of the first anniversary of the Hirak Movement, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune announced in a statement to the Algerian national media that 22 February would be declared the Algerian "National Day of Fraternity and Cohesion Between The People and Its Army For Democracy."[10] In the same statement, Tebboune spoke in favor of the Hirak Movement, saying that "the blessed Hirak has preserved the country from a total collapse" and that he had "made a personal commitment to carry out all of the [movement's] demands."[10] On 21 and 22 February 2020, masses of demonstrators (with turnout comparable to well-established Algerian holidays like the Algerian Day of Independence) gathered to honor the anniversary of the Hirak Movement and the newly established national day.[11][12]

In an effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, Tebboune announced on 17 March 2020 that "marches and rallies, whatever their motives" would be prohibited.[13] After protestors and journalists were arrested for participating in such marches, Tebboune faced accusations of attempting to "silence Algerians."[14] Notably, the government's actions were condemned by Amnesty International, which said in a statement that "when all eyes [...] are on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Algerian authorities are devoting time to speeding up the prosecution and trial of activists, journalists, and supporters of the Hirak movement."[15] CNLD estimated that around 70 prisoners of conscience were imprisoned by 2 July 2020 and that several of the imprisoned were arrested for Facebook posts.[16]

On 28 December 2019, the then-recently inaugurated President Tebboune met with Ahmed Benbitour, the former Algerian Head of Government, with whom he discussed the "foundations of the new Republic." [17]

On 8 January 2020, Tebboune established a "commission of experts" composed of 17 members (a majority of which were professors of constitutional law) responsible for examining the previous constitution and making any necessary revisions.[18] Led by Ahmed Laraba, the commission was required to submit its proposals to Tebboune directly within the following two months.[18][19] In a letter to Laraba on the same day, Tebboune outlined seven axes around which the commission should focus its discussion.[20] These areas of focus included strengthening citizens' rights, combatting corruption, consolidating the balance of powers in the Algerian government, increasing the oversight powers of parliament, promoting the independence of the judiciary, furthering citizens' equality under the law, and constitutionalizing elections.[20] Tebboune's letter also included a call for an "immutable and intangible" two-term limit to anyone serving as president — a major point of contention in the initial Hirak Movement protests, which were spurred by former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika's announcement to run for a fifth term.[20]

The preliminary draft revision of the constitution was publicly published on 7 May 2020, but the Laraba Commission (as the "commission of experts" came to be known) was open to additional proposals from the public until 20 June.[21] By 3 June, the commission had received an estimated 1,200 additional public proposals.[21] After all revisions were considered by the Laraba Commission, the draft was introduced to the Cabinet of Algeria (Council of Ministers).[21]

On 4 July 2020, Tebboune announced that the referendum would occur in September or October 2020.[22]

On 24 August 2020, the date for the referendum was set for 1 November, the anniversary of the start of Algeria's war of independence.[23]

The revised constitution was adopted in the Council of Ministers on 6 September,[24] in the People's National Assembly on 10 September, and Council of the Nation on 12 September, but its implementation is currently contingent on the results of the 1 November referendum.[25][26]

A ballot paper representing a "No" vote

Despite the proposed reforms, Tebboune and the Algerian government faced criticism that the revised constitution did not address many of the issues called into question by the Hirak Movement, especially the balance of powers.[36]

As there was no minimum turnout required, the constitutional changes were approved, with 66.68% of voters participating in favour of the changes. Turnout was very low, with only around 23% of eligible voters participating. Additionally, over 10% of overall votes cast were invalid or blank.