A Child Is Born (book)

A Child Is Born (full title: A Child Is Born: The drama of life before birth in unprecedented photographs. A practical guide for the expectant mother; original Swedish title: Ett barn blir till) is a 1965 photographic book by Swedish photojournalist Lennart Nilsson. The book consists of photographs charting the development of the human embryo and fetus from conception to birth; it is reportedly the best-selling illustrated book ever published.[1] Nilsson's photographs are accompanied by text, written by doctors, describing prenatal development and offering advice on antenatal care.[2] The images were among the first of developing fetuses to reach a wide popular audience. Their reproduction in the April 30, 1965, edition of Life magazine sparked so much interest that the entire print run of eight million copies sold out within four days; they won Nilsson the American National Press Association Picture of the Year award,[3] and reached a sufficiently iconic status to be chosen for launch into space aboard the NASA probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. The book and its images have figured in debates about abortion and the beginning of life, and the book is the subject of a substantial body of feminist critique.

A Child Is Born
Cover of 1990 edition
AuthorLennart Nilsson
Original titleEtt barn blir till
LanguageEnglish
Publication date
1965
Pages156
ISBN0-440-51214-X
OCLC9585107

Synopsis

The book proceeds along two "tracks": one series of photographs and accompanying text depict the development of the fetus from conception through to birth; the other shows a woman and her partner as her pregnancy progresses. Early images show sperm proceeding toward an ovum; cell division, implantation, and the development of the embryo are then illustrated. The text accompanying the photographs of the woman supplies some antenatal care advice.

Reception

Life, an American magazine, marked the publication of A Child Is Born by reproducing in its 30 April 1965 edition 16 of the book's photographs. The pictures were run simultaneously in the British Sunday Times and in Paris Match.[4] All eight million printed copies of Life containing the images sold out within four days.[5] The book became reportedly the all-time best-selling illustrated book published;[1] its ubiquity led the academic Barbara Duden to deem it and its pictures "part of the mental universe of our time".[6] Images, text, and diagrams from the book have been reproduced in works as diverse as guides to child protection,[7] development science[8] and anatomy textbooks,[9] and pregnancy manuals.[10] It is widely cited as a pregnancy resource in parenting manuals,[11] and the academic Rebecca Kukla has argued that the book was so culturally influential as to have mediated and to some extent determined the way pregnant women understand their own pregnancies.[6] Images from the book were sent into space aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes.[12] The American Library Association regards it, alongside Gray's Anatomy, as a core medical reference work for libraries.[13]

The book was often cited as presenting the first images of a live fetus in utero.[14] In fact, Geraldine Flanagan's The First Nine Months Of Life had in 1962 compiled a similar set of fetal images from medical archives.[15]

The images played an important role in debates about abortion and the beginning of human life.[16] Nilsson himself declined to comment on the origins of some of the photographs' subjects, which in fact included many images of terminated and miscarried fetuses:[5] all but one of the images that appeared in Life were of fetuses that had been surgically removed from the womb.[15] Nilsson also refused to be drawn on the question of the point at which life begins, describing himself as a journalist and the debate as one for other authorities.[16] Pro-life campaigners perceived and presented the book's images as evidence that a fetus is a well-developed, discrete human person from well before birth.[17][18][19] Pro-choice activists, on the other hand, have portrayed the images (and the technology they represent)[15] as evidence of medical and imaging techniques that now allow serious fetal defects to be detected very early and furnish pregnant parents with more information upon which to base choices.[20] Some critics have described as ironic the image's popularity with pro-life campaigners who argue that the fetus is a living human, given that many of them depict (surgically or spontaneously) aborted fetuses.[21]

Both the popularity of the images with pro-life campaigners and the photographic techniques, which have been described as eliding the presence of the woman in whose womb the fetus is developing, have made the book the subject of substantial feminist critique.[21] Some of these criticisms have addressed the book's language, which often describes the photographs' subjects as "persons" or "babies".[21] Others argue that the focus on the fetus that the book promoted rendered the woman in whose body it was developing invisible and unimportant,[16][21][22] or contributed to an atmosphere in which the woman and the fetus were seen as remote, opposite, and in competition with one another for rights and personhood.[23] Others, though, have described Nilsson's book as placing the story of fetal development firmly within the context of the woman's body and life.[24] Some scholars have sought to deconstruct the techniques used and choices made in the images' production, pointing out for example that lighting magnification is used to give month-old fetuses the appearance of a much more viable six-month-old, and lightening techniques used to replace the fetus's deep red skin tone with a "baby-like" pink or gold tone.[25]

Publishing history

By the first decade of the 21st century the book had reached a fourth edition and been published in 20 countries.[4] A CD version of the book was produced in 1994, rendering the images interactive.[26] How Was I Born?, an adaptation of the book's text for children, featured many of the same images.[27]

References
  1. Januszczak, Waldemar (26 February 2006). "What happens next". The Times. Retrieved 26 February 2006.
  2. "A Child is Born: Lennart Nilsson". The Evening Independent. 30 May 1986. p. 39. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  3. Houghton Mifflin dictionary of biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2003. p. 1129. ISBN 0-618-25210-X.
  4. "Pioneering Swede snaps secrets of life and death". Daily Times of Pakistan. 27 October 2003. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  5. Goldscheider, Eric (10 August 2003). "Fetal positions". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 11, 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  6. Kukla, Rebekah (2005). Mass hysteria: medicine, culture, and mothers' bodies. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 112. ISBN 0-7425-3358-1.
  7. Kumar, A (2005). Child care and protection. Anmol Publications. p. 101. ISBN 81-261-2138-6.
  8. Bornstein, Marc H. (2005). Developmental science: an advanced textbook. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 0-8058-5163-1.
  9. Marieb, Elaine (2007). Human anatomy & physiology. Pearson Education. p. 788. ISBN 0-321-37294-8.
  10. Menelli, Sheri (2004). Journey into motherhood. White Heart Publishing. p. 284. ISBN 0-9747853-2-6.
  11. Weiss, Robin Elise (2005). The everything mother's first year book. Everything Books. p. 274. ISBN 1-59337-425-9.
  12. Diehl, Digby (June 2008). "Lennart Nilsson photography reveals a world turned inside out". The Rotarian: 25.
  13. Alabaster, Carol (2002). Developing an outstanding core collection: a guide for libraries. American Library Association. p. 54. ISBN 0-8389-0819-5. a child is born nilsson.
  14. "Next week". British Journal of Photography. 15 March 2006. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  15. Matthews, Sandra; Laura Wexler (2000). Pregnant Pictures. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-415-92120-6.
  16. Adams, Alice Elaine (1994). Reproducing the womb. Cornell University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-8014-8161-9. nilsson.
  17. Viguerie, Richard (2006). Conservatives betrayed. Bonus Books. p. 75. ISBN 1-56625-285-7. a child is born nilsson.
  18. Grimes, Ronald L. (2000). Deeply into the bone: re-inventing rites of passage. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-520-21533-8.
  19. Lazarova, Daniela (24 March 2000). "From the weeklies". Radio Prague. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  20. Nash, J. Madeleine (11 November 2002). "Inside The Womb". Time. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  21. Newman, Karen (1996). Fetal positions: individualism, science, visuality. Stanford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-8047-2648-5. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  22. Kaplan, E. Ann (1992). Motherhood and representation. Routledge. pp. 204–5. ISBN 0-415-01127-2. Retrieved 2 October 2009. a child is born nilsson.
  23. Mariniello, Silvestra (1998). Gendered agents: women and institutional knowledge. Duke University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-8223-2196-3.
  24. S. F. Gilbert. "Images of Embryos Used by Anti-Abortion Activists". DevBio: a companion to Development Biology, 8th edition, by Scott F. Gilbert. Archived from the original on 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  25. Lay, Mary M. (2000). Body talk: rhetoric, technology, reproduction. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-299-16794-3.
  26. Kirkup, Gill (2000). The gendered cyborg. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 0-415-22091-2. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  27. Nilsson, Lennart (1996). How was I born?. Dell. ISBN 0-440-50767-7. OCLC 36107278.
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